2。　Hume
  B。　Scottish　Philosophy
  In　Scotland　quite　another　school　of　thought　developed；　and　the　Scotch
  are　the　foremost　of　Hume's　opponents；　in　German　philosophy；　on　the
  other　hand；　we　have　to　recognize　in　Kant　another　opposing　force　to
  that　of　Hume。　To　the　Scottish　school　many　philosophers　belong；　English
  philosophy　is　now　restricted　to　Edinburgh　and　Glasgow；　in　which
  places　a　number　of　professors　belonging　to　this　school　succeeded　one
  another。　To　the　scepticism　of　Hume　they　oppose　an　inward
  independent　source　of　truth　for　all　that　pertains　to　religion　and　morality。
  This　coincides　with　Kant；　who　also　maintains　an　inward　source　or
  spring　as　against　external　perception；　but　in　the　case　of　Kant　this　has
  quite　another　form　than　that　which　it　possesses　with　the　Scottish
  philosophers。　To　them　this　inward　independent　source　is　not　thought　or
  reason　as　such；　for　the　content　which　comes　to　pass　from　this
  inwardness　is　concrete　in　its　nature；　and　likewise　demands　for　itself　the
  external　matter　of　experience。　It　consists　of　popular　principles；　which
  on　the　one　hand　are　opposed　to　the　externality　of　the　sources　of
  knowledge；　and；　on　the　other；　to　metaphysics　as　such；　to　abstract
  thought　or　reasoning　on　its　own　account。　This　sort　of　reasoning
  understanding　applied　itself　to　ethics　and　to　politics　…　sciences　which
  have　been　much　developed　by　German；　French；　and　above　all　by
  Scottish　philosophers　（supra；　p。　320）；　they　regarded　morality　as
  cultured　men　would；　and　sought　to　bring　moral　duties　under　a　principle。
  Many　of　their　works　are　translated　into　German；　several　of　these　on
  ethics　or　morality　are　translated　by　Garve；　for　instance；　who　also
  translated　Cicero　De　Officiis；　and　they　are　written　in　a　manner　similar
  to　that　of　Cicero　when　he　uses　the　expression　Insitum　est　a　natura
  （Vol。　I。　p。　93）。　This　moral　sentiment　and　the　ordinary　human
  understanding　hereafter　formed　the　common　principle　to　a　whole
  succession　of　Scots；　such　as　Thomas　Reid；　Beattie；　Oswald；　and
  others；　in　this　way　they　frequently　made　sagacious　observations；　but
  with　them　speculative　philosophy　quite　disappears。　One　special
  characteristic　of　these　Scottish　philosophers　is　that　they　have　sought
  accurately　to　define　the　principle　of　knowledge；　but　on　the　whole　they
  start　from　the　same　point　as　that　which　was　in　Germany　likewise
  accepted　as　the　principle。　That　is　to　say　they　represented　the　so…called
  healthy　reason；　or　common…sense　（sensus　communis）；　as　the　ground
  of　truth。　The　following　are　the　principal　members　of　this　school；　each　of
  whom　has　some　special　feature　distinguishing　him　from　the　rest。
  1。　Thomas　Reid
  2。　James　Beattie
  3。　James　Oswald
  4。　Dugald　Stewart
  C。　French　Philosophy
  1。　The　Negative　Aspect
  2。　The　Positive　Aspect
  a。　Materialism
  b。　Robinet
  3。　Idea　of　a　Concrete　Universal　Unity
  a。　Opposition　between　Sensation　and　Thought
  b。　Montesquieu
  c。　Helvetius
  d。　Rousseau
  D。　The　German　Illumination
  Section　Three：　Recent　German　Philosophy
  IN　the　philosophy　of　Kant；　Fichte；　and　Schelling；　the　revolution　to　which　in　Germany
  mind　has　in　these　latter　days　advanced；　was　formally　thought　out　and　expressed；　the
  sequence　of　these　philosophies　shows　the　course　which　thought　has　taken。　In　this
  great　epoch　of　the　world's　history；　whose　inmost　essence　is　laid　hold　of　in　the
  philosophy　of　history；　two　nations　only　have　played　a　part；　the　German　and　the
  French；　and　this　in　spite　of　their　absolute　opposition；　or　rather　because　they　are　so
  opposite。　The　other　nations　have　taken　no　real　inward　part　in　the　same；　although
  politically　they　have　indeed　so　done；　both　through　their　governments　and　their
  people。　In　Germany　this　principle　has　burst　forth　as　thought；　spirit；　Notion；　in　France；
  in　the　form　of　actuality。　In　Germany；　what　there　is　of　actuality　comes　to　us　as　a　force
  of　external　circumstances；　and　as　a　reaction　against　the　same。　The　task　of　modern
  German　philosophy　is；　however；　summed　up　in　taking　as　its　object　the　unity　of
  thought　and　Being；　which　is　the　fundamental　idea　of　philosophy　generally；　and
  comprehending　it；　that　is；　in　laying　hold　of　the　inmost　significance　of　necessity；　the
  Notion　（supra；　p。　360）。　The　philosophy　of　Kant　sets　forth；　in　the　first　place；　the
  formal　aspect　of　the　task；　but　it　has　the　abstract　absoluteness　of　reason　in
  self…consciousness　as　its　sole　result；　and；　in　one　respect；　it　carried　with　it　a　certain
  character　of　shallowness　and　want　of　vigour；　in　which　an　attitude　of　criticism　and
  negativity　is　retained；　and　which；　as　far　as　any　positive　element　is　concerned；　adheres
  to　the　facts　of　consciousness　and　to　mere　conjecture；　while　it　renounces　thought　and
  returns　to　feeling。　On　the　other　hand；　however；　there　sprang　from　this　the　philosophy
  of　Fichte；　which　speculatively　grasps　the　essence　of　self…consciousness　as　concrete
  egoism；　but　which　does　not　reach　beyond　this　subjective　form　pertaining　to　the
  absolute。　From　it　again　comes　the　philosophy　of　Schelling；　which　subsequently
  rejects　Fichte's　teaching　and　sets　forth　the　Idea　of　the　Absolute；　the　truth　in　and　for
  itself。
  A。　Jacobi
  B。　Kant
  Critique　of　Pure　Reason
  Critique　of　Practical　Reason
  Critique　of　Practical　Judgment
  C。　Fichte
  1。　The　First　Principles　of　Fichte's　Philosophy
  2。　Fichte's　System　in　a　Re…constituted　Form
  3。　The　More　Important　of　the　Followers　of　Fichte
  a。　Friedrich　von　Schlegel
  b。　Schleiermacher
  c。　Novalis
  d。　Fries；　Bouterweck；　Krug
  D。　Schelling
  E。　Final　Result
  Footnotes
  1。　In　the　lectures　of　1825…1826　and　1829…1830　Berkeley　was　passed　over　by　Hegel；　in　both　courses
  Hume　follows　directly　after　the　Scottish　and　French　philosophers；　and　thus　comes　immediately　before
  Kant；　in　the　course　of　1825…1826　the　French　philosophy　precedes　the　Scottish　also。
  INAUGURAL　ADDRESS
  Delivered　at　Heidelberg；　on　the　28th　October；　1816
  GENTLEMEN；　—　Since　the　History　of　Philosophy　is　to　be　the　subject　of　these　lectures；　and
  today　I　am　making　my　first　appearance　in　this　University；　I　hope　you　will　allow　me　to　say　what
  satisfaction　it　gives　me　to　take　my　place　once　more　in　an　Academy　of　Learning　at　this　particular
  time。　For　the　period　seems　to　have　been　arrived　at　when　Philosophy　may　again　hope　to　receive
  some　attention　and　love　—　this　almost　dead　science　may　again　raise　its　voice；　and　hope　that　the
  world　which　had　become　deaf　to　its　teaching；　may　once　more　lend　it　an　ear。　The　necessities　of　the
  time　have　accorded　to　the　petty　interests　of　everyday　life　such　overwhelming　attention：　the　deep
  interests　of　actuality　and　the　strife　respecting　these　have　engrossed　all　the　powers　and　the　forces　of
  the　mind　—　as　also　the　necessary　means　—　to　so　great　an　extent；　that　no　place　has　been　left　to　the
  higher　inward　life；　the　intellectual　operations　of　a　purer　sort；　and　the　better　natures　have　thus　been
  stunted　in　their　growth；　and　in　great　measure　sacrificed。　Because　the　spirit　of　the　world　was　thus
  occupied；　it　could　not　look　within　and　withdraw　into　itself。　But　since　this　stream　of　actuality　is
  checked；　since　the　German　nation　has　cut　its　way　out　of　its　most　material　conditions；　since　its
  nationality；　the　basis　of　all　higher　life；　has　been　saved；　we　may　hope　that；　in　addition　to　the　State；
  which　has　swallowed　up　all　other　interests　in　its　own；　the　Church　may　now　resume　her　high
  position　—　that　in　addition　to　the　kingdom　of　the　world　to　which　all　thoughts　and　efforts　have
  hitherto　been　directed；　the　Kingdom　of　God　may　also　be　considered。　In　other　words；　along　with
  the　business　of　politics　and　the　other　interests　of　everyday　l