第 254 节
作者:
九米 更新:2021-02-19 21:30 字数:8951
The fields are overgrown with weeds;
The granaries are empty;
Yet there are those dressed in fineries;
With swords at their sides;
Filled with food and drink;
And possessed of too much wealth。
This is known as taking the lead in robbery。
Far indeed is this from the way。
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What is firmly rooted cannot be pulled out;
What is tightly held in the arms will not slip loose;
Through this the offering of sacrifice by descendants will never cometo an end。
Cultivate it in your person
And its virtue will be genuine;
Cultivate it in the family
And its virtue will be more than sufficient;
Cultivate it in the hamlet
And its virtue will endure;
Cultivate it in the state
And its virtue will abound;
Cultivate it in the empire
And its virtue will be pervasive。
Hence look at the person through the person;
Look at the family through the family;
Look at the hamlet through the hamlet;
Look at the state through the state;
Look at the empire through the empire。
How do I know that the empire is like that?
By means of this。
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One who possesses virtue in abundance is comparable to a new born babe:
Poisonous insects will not sting it;
Ferocious animals will not pounce on it;
Predatory birds will not swoop down on it。
Its bones are weak and its sinews supple yet its hold is firm。
It does not know the union of male and female yet its male member willstir:
This is because its virility is at its height。
It howls all day yet does not become hoarse:
This is because its harmony is at its height。
To know harmony is called the constant;
To know the constant is called discernment。
To try to add to one's vitality is called ill…omened;
For the mind to egg on the breath is called violent。
A creature in its prime doing harm to the old
Is known as going against the way。
That which goes against the way will come to an early end。
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One who knows does not speak;
One who speaks does not know。
Block the openings;
Shut the doors。
Blunt the sharpness;
Untangle the knots;
Soften the glare;
Let your wheels move only along old ruts。
This is known as mysterious sameness。
Hence you cannot get close to it; nor can you keep it at arm's length;
You cannot bestow benefit on it; nor can you do it harm;
You cannot ennoble it; nor can you debase it。
Therefore it is valued by the empire。
57
Govern the state by being straightforward;
Wage war by being crafty;
But win the empire by not being meddlesome。
How do I know that it is like that?
By means of this。
The more taboos there are in the empire
The poorer the people;
The more sharpened tools the people have
The more benighted the state;
The more skills the people have
The further novelties multiply;
The better known the laws and edicts
The more thieves and robbers there are。
Hence the sage says;
I take no action and the people are transformed of themselves;
I prefer stillness and the people are rectified of themselves;
I am not meddlesome and the people prosper of themselves;
I am free from desire and the people of themselves become simple likethe uncarved block。
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When the government is muddled
The people are simple;
When the government is alert
The people are cunning。
It is on disaster that good fortune perches;
It is beneath good fortune that disaster crouches。
Who knows the limit? Does not the straightforward exist?
The straighforward changes again into the crafty; and the good changesagain into the monstrous。
Indeed; it is long since the people were perplexed。
Therefore the sage is square…edged but does not scrape;
Has corners but does not jab;
Extends himself but not at the expense of others;
Shines but does not dazzle。
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In ruling the people and in serving heaven it is best for a ruler tobe sparing。
It is because he is sparing
That he may be said to follow the way from the start;
Following the way from the start he may be said to accumulate an abundanceof virtue;
Accumulating an abundance of virtue there is nothing he cannot overcome;
When there is nothing he cannot overcome; no one knows his limit;
When no one knows his limit
He can possess a state;
When he possesses the mother of a state
He can then endure。
This is called the way of deep roots and firm stems by which one livesto see many days。
60
Governing a large state is like boiling a small fish。
When the empire is ruled in accordance with the way;
The spirits lose their potencies。
Or rather; it is not that they lose their potencies;
But that; though they have their potencies; they do not harm the people。
It is not only they who; having their potencies; do not harm the people;
The sage; also; does not harm the people。
As neither does any harm; each attributes the merit to the other。
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A large state is the lower reaches of a river:
The place where all the streams of the world unite。
In the union of the world;
The female always gets the better of the male by stillness。
Being still; she takes the lower position。
Hence the large state; by taking the lower position; annexes the smallstate;
The small state; by taking the lower position; affiliates itself tothe large state。
Thus the one; by taking the lower position; annexes;
The other; by taking the lower position; is annexed。
All that the large state wants is to take the other under its wing;
All that the small state wants is to have its services accepted bythe other。
If each of the two wants to find its proper place;
It is meet that the large should take the lower position。
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The way is the refuge for the myriad creatures。
It is that by which the good man protects;
And that by which the bad is protected。
Beautiful words when offered will win high rank in return;
Beautiful deeds can raise a man above others。
Even if a man is not good; why should he be abandoned?
Hence when the emperor is set up and the three ducal ministers are appointed;he who makes a present of the way without stirring from his seat is preferableto one who offers presents of jade disks followed by a team of four horses。
Why was this way valued of old?
Was it not said that by means of it one got what one wanted and escapedthe consequences when one transgressed?
Therefore it is valued by the empire。
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Do that which consists in taking no action;
Pursue that which is not meddlesome;
Savor that which has no flavor。
Make the small big and the few many;
Do good to him who has done you an injury。
Lay plans for the accomplishment of the difficult before it becomesdifficult;
Make something big by starting with it when small。
Difficult things in the word must needs have their beginnings in theeasy;
Big things must needs have their beginnings in the small。
Therefore it is because the sage never attempts to be great that hesucceeds in becoming great。
One who makes promises rashly rarely keeps good faith;
One who is in the habit of considering things easy meets with frequentdifficulties。
Therefore even the sage treats some things as difficult。
That is why in the end no difficulties can get the better of him。
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It is easy to maintain a situation while it is still secure;
It is easy to deal with a situation before symptoms develop;
It is easy to break a thing when it is yet brittle;
It is easy to dissolve a thing when it is yet minute。
Deal with a thing while it is still nothing;
Keep a thing in order before disorder sets in。
A tree that can fill the span of a man's arms
Grows from a downy tip;
A terrace nine storeys high
Rises from hodfuls of earth;
A journey of a thousand miles
Starts from beneath one's feet。
Whoever does anything to it will ruin it;
Whoever lays hold of it will lose it。
Therefore the sage; because he does nothing; never ruins anything;
And; because he does not lay hold of anything; loses nothing。
In their enterprises the people
Always ruin them when on the verge of success。
Be as careful at the end as at the beginning
And there will be no ruined enterprises。
Therefore the sage desires not to desire
And does not value goods which are hard to come by;
Learns to be without learning
And makes good the mistakes of the multitude
In order to help the myriad creatures to be natural and to refrainfrom daring to act。
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Of old those who excelled in the pursuit of the way did not use itto enlighten the people but to hoodwink them。
The reason why the people are difficult to govern is that they aretoo clever。
Hence to rule a state by cleverness
Will