connects　itself　with　the　life　of　the　subconscious　self；
  so…called；　of　which　we　must　erelong　speak　more　directly。
  ＇90＇　Smith　Baker；　in　Journal　of　Nervous　and　Mental　Diseases；
  September；　1893。
  Now　in　all　of　us；　however　constituted；　but　to　a　degree　the
  greater　in　proportion　as　we　are　intense　and　sensitive　and　subject
  to　diversified　temptations；　and　to　the　greatest　possible　degree
  if　we　are　decidedly　psychopathic；　does　the　normal　evolution　of
  character　chiefly　consist　in　the　straightening　out　and　unifying
  of　the　inner　self。　　The　higher　and　the　lower　feelings；　the　useful
  and　the　erring　impulses；　begin　by　being　a　comparative　chaos
  within　usthey　must　end　by　forming　a　stable　system　of　functions
  in　right　subordination。　　Unhappiness　is　apt　to　characterize　the
  period　of　order…making　and　struggle。　　If　the　individual　be　of
  tender　conscience　and　religiously　quickened；　the　unhappiness　will
  take　the　form　of　moral　remorse　and　compunction；　of　feeling
  inwardly　vile　and　wrong；　and　of　standing　in　false　relations　to
  the　author　of　one's　being　and　appointer　of　one's　spiritual　fate。
  This　is　the　religious　melancholy　and　〃conviction　of　sin〃　that
  have　played　so　large　a　part　in　the　history　of　Protestant
  Christianity。　　The　man's　interior　is　a　battle…ground　for　what　he
  feels　to　be　two　deadly　hostile　selves；　one　actual；　the　other
  ideal。　　As　Victor　Hugo　makes　his　Mahomet　say：
  〃Je　suis　le　champ　vil　des　sublimes　combats：
  Tantot　l'homme　d'en　haut；　et　tantot　l'homme　d'en　bas；
  Et　le　mal　dans　ma　bouche　avec　le　bien　alterne；
  Comme　dans　le　desert　le　sable　et　la　citerne。〃
  Wrong　living；　impotent　aspirations；　〃What　I　would；　that　do　I　not；
  but　what　I　hate；　that　do　I；〃　as　Saint　Paul　says；　self…loathing；
  self…despair；　an　unintelligible　and　intolerable　burden　to　which
  one　is　mysteriously　the　heir。
  Let　me　quote　from　some　typical　cases　of　discordant　personality；
  with　melancholy　in　the　form　of　self…condemnation　and　sense　of
  sin。　　Saint　Augustine's　case　is　a　classic　example。　　You　all
  remember　his　half…pagan；　half…Christian　bringing　up　at　Carthage；
  his　emigration　to　Rome　and　Milan；　his　adoption　of　Manicheism　and
  subsequent　skepticism；　and　his　restless　search　for　truth　and
  purity　of　life；　and　finally　how；　distracted　by　the　struggle
  between　the　two　souls　in　his　breast　and　ashamed　of　his　own
  weakness　of　will；　when　so　many　others　whom　he　knew　and　knew　of
  had　thrown　off　the　shackles　of　sensuality　and　dedicated
  themselves　to　chastity　and　the　higher　life；　he　heard　a　voice　in
  the　garden　say；　〃Sume；　lege〃　（take　and　read）；　and　opening　the
  Bible　at　random；　saw　the　text；　〃not　in　chambering　and
  wantonness；〃　etc。；　which　seemed　directly　sent　to　his　address；　and
  laid　the　inner　storm　to　rest　forever。＇91＇　Augustine's
  psychological　genius　has　given　an　account　of　the　trouble　of
  having　a　divided　self　which　has　never　been　surpassed。
  ＇91＇　Louis　Gourdon　（Essai　sur　la　Conversion　de　Saint　Augustine；
  Paris；　Fischbacher；　1900）　has　shown　by　an　analysis　of　Augustine's
  writings　immediately　after　the　date　of　his　conversion　（A。　D。　386）
  that　the　account　he　gives　in　the　Confessions　is　premature。　　The
  crisis　in　the　garden　marked　a　definitive　conversion　from　his
  former　life；　but　it　was　to　the　neo…platonic　spiritualism　and　only
  a　halfway　stage　toward　Christianity。　　The　latter　he　appears　not
  fully　and　radically　to　have　embraced　until　four　years　more　had
  passed。
  〃The　new　will　which　I　began　to　have　was　not　yet　strong　enough　to
  overcome　that　other　will；　strengthened　by　long　indulgence。　So
  these　two　wills；　one　old；　one　new；　one　carnal；　the　other
  spiritual；　contended　with　each　other　and　disturbed　my　soul。　　I
  understood　by　my　own　experience　what　I　had　read；　'flesh　lusteth
  against　spirit；　and　spirit　against　flesh。'　It　was　myself　indeed
  in　both　the　wills；　yet　more　myself　in　that　which　I　approved　in
  myself　than　in　that　which　I　disapproved　in　myself。　　Yet　it　was
  through　myself　that　habit　had　attained　so　fierce　a　mastery　over
  me；　because　I　had　willingly　come　whither　I　willed　not。　　Still
  bound　to　earth；　I　refused；　O　God；　to　fight　on　thy　side；　as　much
  afraid　to　be　freed　from　all　bonds；　as　I　ought　to　have　feared
  being　trammeled　by　them。
  〃Thus　the　thoughts　by　which　I　meditated　upon　thee　were　like　the
  efforts　of　one　who　would　awake；　but　being　overpowered　with
  sleepiness　is　soon　asleep　again。　　Often　does　a　man　when　heavy
  sleepiness　is　on　his　limbs　defer　to　shake　it　off；　and　though　not
  approving　it；　encourage　it；　even　so　I　was　sure　it　was　better　to
  surrender　to　thy　love　than　to　yield　to　my　own　lusts；　yet　though
  the　former　course　convinced　me；　the　latter　pleased　and　held　me
  bound。　　There　was　naught　in　me　to　answer　thy　call　'Awake；　thou
  sleeper；'　but　only　drawling；　drowsy　words；　'Presently；　yes；
  presently；　wait　a　little　while。'　　But　the　'presently'　had　no
  'present；'　and　the　'little　while'　grew　long。　。　。　。　　For　I　was
  afraid　thou　wouldst　hear　me　too　soon；　and　heal　me　at　once　of　my
  disease　of　lust；　which　I　wished　to　satiate　rather　than　to　see
  extinguished。　　With　what　lashes　of　words　did　I　not　scourge　my　own
  soul。　　Yet　it　shrank　back；　it　refused；　though　it　had　no　excuse　to
  offer。　。　。　。　I　said　within　myself：　　'Come；　let　it　be　done　now；'
  and　as　I　said　it；　I　was　on　the　point　of　the　resolve。　　I　all　but
  did　it；　yet　I　did　not　do　it。　　And　I　made　another　effort；　and
  almost　succeeded；　yet　I　did　not　reach　it；　and　did　not　grasp　it；
  hesitating　to　die　to　death；　and　live　to　life；　and　the　evil　to
  which　I　was　so　wonted　held　me　more　than　the　better　life　I　had　not
  tried。〃＇92＇
  ＇92＇　Confessions；　Book　VIII。；　Chaps。　v。；　vii。；　xi。；　abridged。
  There　could　be　no　more　perfect　description　of　the　divided　will；
  when　the　higher　wishes　lack　just　that　last　acuteness；　that　touch
  of　explosive　intensity；　of　dynamogenic　quality　（to　use　the　slang
  of　the　psychologists）；　that　enables　them　to　burst　their　shell；
  and　make　irruption　efficaciously　into　life　and　quell　the　lower
  tendencies　forever。　　In　a　later　lecture　we　shall　have　much　to　say
  about　this　higher　excitability。
  I　find　another　good　description　of　the　divided　will　in　the
  autobiography　of　Henry　Alline；　the　Nova　Scotian　evangelist；　of
  whose　melancholy　I　read　a　brief　account　in　my　last　lecture。　　The
  poor　youth's　sins　were；　as　you　will　see；　of　the　most　harmless
  order；　yet　they　interfered　with　what　proved　to　be　his　truest
  vocation；　so　they　gave　him　great　distress。
  〃I　was　now　very　moral　in　my　life；　but　found　no　rest　of
  conscience。　　I　now　began　to　be　esteemed　in　young　company；　who
  knew　nothing　of　my　mind　all　this　while；　and　their　esteem　began　to
  be　a　snare　to　my　soul；　for　I　soon　began　to　be　fond　of　carnal
  mirth；　though　I　still　flattered　myself　that　if　I　did　not　get
  drunk；　nor　curse；　nor　swear；　there　would　be　no　sin　in　frolicking
  and　carnal　mirth；　and　I　thought　God　would　indulge　young　people
  with　some　（what　I　called　simple　or　civil）　recreation。　　I　still
  kept　a　round　of　duties；　and　would　not　suffer　myself　to　run　into
  any　open　vices；　and　so　got　along　very　well　in　time　of　health　and
  prosperity；　but　when　I　was　distressed　or　threatened　by　sickness；
  death；　or　heavy　storms　of　thunder；　my　religion　would　not　do；　and
  I　found　there　was　something　wanting；　and　would　begin　to　repent　my
  going　so　much　to　frolics；　but　when　the　distress　was　over；　the
  devil　and　my　own　wicked　heart；　with　the　solicitations　of　my
  associates；　and　my　fondness　for　young　company；　were　such　strong
  allurements；　I　would　again　give　way；　and　thus　I　got　to　be　very
  wild　and　rude；　at　the　same　time　kept　up　my　rounds　of　secret
  prayer　and　reading；　but　God；　not　willing　I　should　destroy　myself；
  still　followed　me　with　his　calls；　and　moved　with　such　power　upon
  my　conscience；　that　I　could　not　satisfy　myself　with　my
  diversions；　and　in　the　midst　of　my　mirth　sometimes　would　have
  such　a　sense　of　my　lost　and　undone　condition；　that　I　would　wish
  myself　from　the　company；　and　after　it　was　over；　when　I　went　home；
  would　make　many　promises　that　I　would　attend　no　more　on　these
  frolics；　and　would　beg　forgiveness　for　hours　and　hours；　but　when
  I　came　to　have　the　temptation　again；　I　would　give　way：　　no
  sooner　would　I　hear　the　music　and　drink　a　glass　of　wine；　but　I
  would　find　my　mind　elevated　and　soon　proceed　to　any　sort　of
  merriment　or　diversion；　that　I　thought　was　not　debauched　or
  openly　vicious；　but　when　I　returned