manufactured　articles　as　anything　else；　and　it　is　just　because
  our　present　system　of　political　economy　gives　so　large　a　stimulus
  to　that　manufacture　that　you　may　know　it　to　be　a　false　one。　We
  had　better　seek　for　a　system　which　will　develop　honest　men；　than
  for　one　which　will　deal　cunningly　with　vagabonds。　Let　us　reform
  our　schools；　and　we　shall　find　little　reform　needed　in　our
  prisons。
  3。　The　disputes　which　exist　respecting　the　real　nature　of　money
  arise　more　from　the　disputants　examining　its　functions　on
  different　sides；　than　from　any　real　dissent　in　their　opinions。
  All　money；　properly　so　called；　is　an　acknowledgment　of　debt；　but
  as　such；　it　may　either　be　considered　to　represent　the　labour　and
  property　of　the　creditor；　or　the　idleness　and　penury　of　the
  debtor。　The　intricacy　of　the　question　has　been　much　increased　by
  the　（hitherto　necessary）　use　of　marketable　commodities；　such　as
  gold；　silver；　salt；　shells；　&c。；　to　give　intrinsic　value　or
  security　to　currency；　but　the　final　and　best　definition　of　money
  is　that　it　is　a　documentary　promise　ratified　and　guaranteed　by
  the　nation　to　give　or　find　a　certain　quantity　of　labour　on
  demand。　A　man's　labour　for　a　day　is　a　better　standard　of　value
  than　a　measure　of　any　produce；　because　no　produce　ever　maintains
  a　consistent　rate　of　productibility。
  4。　More　accurately；　Sun　of　Justness；　but；　instead　of　the　harsh
  word　〃Justness；〃　the　old　English　〃Righteousness〃　being　commonly
  employed；　has；　by　getting　confused　with　〃godliness；〃　or
  attracting　about　it　various　vague　and　broken　meanings。　prevented
  most　persons　from　receiving　the　force　of　the　passages　in　which　it
  occurs。　The　word　〃righteousness〃　properly　refers　to　the　justice
  of　rule；　or　right；　as　distinguished　from　〃equity；〃　which　refers
  to　the　justice　of　balance。　More　broadly；　Righteousness　is　King's
  justice；　and　Equity；　Judge's　justice；　the　King　guiding　or　ruling
  all；　the　Judge　dividing　or　discerning　between　opposites
  （therefore　the　double　question；　〃Man；　who　made　me　a　ruler
  dikastes　　or　a　dividermeristes　　over　you？〃）　Thus；　with
  respect　to　the　Justice　of　Choice　（selection；　the　feebler　and
  passive　justice）；　we　have　from　lego；　　lex；　legal；　loi；　and
  loyal；　and　with　respect　to　the　Justice　of　Rule　（direction；　the
  stronger　and　active　justice）；　we　have　from　rego；　　rex；　regal；
  roi；　and　royal。
  5。　In　another　place　written　with　the　same　meaning；　〃Just；　and
  having　salvation。〃
  6。　〃Length　of　days　in　her　right　hand；　in　her　left；　riches　and
  honour。〃
  7。　I　hear　that　several　of　our　lawyers　have　been　greatly　amused　by
  the　statement　in　the　first　of　these　papers　that　a　lawyer's
  function　was　to　do　justice。　I　did　not　intend　it　for　a　jest；
  nevertheless　it　will　be　seen　that　in　the　above　passage　neither
  the　determination　nor　doing　of　justice　are　contemplated　as
  functions　wholly　peculiar　to　the　lawyer。　Possibly；　the　more　our
  standing　armies；　whether　of　soldiers；　pastors；　or　legislators
  （the　generic　term　〃pastor〃　including　all　teachers；　and　the
  generic　term　〃lawyer〃　including　makers　as　well　as　interpreters　of
  law）；　can　be　superseded　by　the　force　of　national　heroism；　wisdom；
  and　honesty；　the　better　it　may　be　for　the　nation。
  8。　It　being　the　privilege　of　the　fishes；　as　it　is　of　rats　and
  wolves；　to　live　by　the　laws　of　demand　and　supply；　but　the
  distinction　of　humanity；　to　live　by　those　of　right。
  9。　It　might　appear　at　first　that　the　market　price　of　labour
  expressed　such　an　exchange：　but　this　is　a　fallacy；　for　the　market
  price　is　the　momentary　price　of　the　kind　of　labour　required；　but
  the　just　price　is　its　equivalent　of　the　productive　labour　of
  mankind。　This　difference　will　be　analyzed　in　its　place。　It　must
  be　noted　also　that　I　speak　here　only　of　the　exchangeable　value　of
  labour；　not　of　that　of　commodities。　The　exchangeable　value　of　a
  commodity　is　that　of　the　labour　required　to　produce　it；
  multiplied　into　the　force　of　the　demand　for　it。　If　the　value　of
  the　labour　=　x　and　the　force　of　demand　=　y；　the　exchangeable
  value　of　the　commodity　is　xy；　in　which　if　either　x　=　0；　or　y　=　0；
  xy　=　0。
  10。　Under　the　term　〃skill〃　I　mean　to　include　the　united　force　of
  experience；　intellect；　and　passion　in　their　operation　on　manual
  labour：　and　under　the　term　〃passion；〃　to　include　the　entire　range
  and　agency　of　the　moral　feelings；　from　the　simple　patience　and
  gentleness　of　mind　which　will　give　continuity　and　fineness　to　the
  touch；　or　enable　one　person　to　work　without　fatigue；　and　with
  good　effect；　twice　as　long　as　another；　up　to　the　qualities　of
  character　which　renders　science　possible　　（the　retardation　of
  science　by　envy　is　one　of　the　most　tremendous　losses　in　the
  economy　of　the　present　century）　　and　to　the　incommunicable
  emotion　and　imagination　which　are　the　first　and　mightiest　sources
  of　all　value　in　art。
  It　is　highly　singular　that　political　economists　should　not
  yet　have　perceived；　if　not　the　moral；　at　least　the　passionate
  element；　to　be　an　inextricable　quantity　in　every　calculation。　I
  cannot　conceive；　for　instance；　how　it　was　possible　that　Mr　Mill
  should　have　followed　the　true　clue　so　far　as　to　write；　　〃No
  limit　can　be　set　to　the　importance　　even　in　a　purely　productive
  and　material　point　of　view　　of　mere　thought；〃　without　seeing
  that　it　was　logically　necessary　to　add　also；　〃and　of　mere
  feeling。〃　And　this　the　more；　because　in　his　first　definition　of
  labour　he　includes　in　the　idea　of　it　〃all　feelings　of　a
  disagreeable　kind　connected　with　the　employment　of　one's　thoughts
  in　a　particular　occupation。〃　True；　but　why　not　also；　〃feelings　of
  an　agreeable　kind？〃　It　can　hardly　be　supposed　that　the　feelings
  which　retard　labour　are　more　essentially　a　part　of　the　labour
  than　those　which　accelerate　it。　The　first　are　paid　for　as　pain；
  the　second　as　power。　The　workman　is　merely　indemified　for　the
  first；　but　the　second　both　produce　a　part　of　the　exchangeable
  value　of　the　work；　and　materially　increase　its　actual　quantity。
  〃Fritz　is　with　us。　He　is　worth　fifty　thousand　men。〃　Truly；　a
  large　addition　to　the　material　force；　　consisting；　however；　be
  it　observed；　not　more　in　operations　carried　on　in　Fritz's　head；
  than　in　operations　carried　on　in　his　armies'　heart。　〃No　limit　can
  be　set　to　the　importance　of　mere　thought。〃　Perhaps　not！　Nay；
  suppose　some　day　it　should　turn　out　that　〃mere〃　thought　was　in
  itself　a　recommendable　object　of　production；　and　that　all
  Material　production　was　only　a　step　towards　this　more　precious
  Immaterial　one？
  11。　I　am　sorry　to　lose　time　by　answering；　however　curtly；　the
  equivocations　of　the　writers　who　sought　to　obscure　the　instances
  given　of　regulated　labour　in　the　first　of　these　papers；　by
  confusing　kinds；　ranks；　and　quantities　of　labour　with　its
  qualities。　I　never　said　that　a　colonel　should　have　the　same　pay
  as　a　private；　nor　a　bishop　the　same　pay　as　a　curate。　Neither　did
  I　say　that　more　work　ought　to　be　paid　as　less　work　（so　that　the
  curate　of　a　parish　of　two　thousand　souls　should　have　no　more　than
  the　curate　of　a　parish　of　five　hundred）。　But　I　said　that；　so　far
  as　you　employ　it　at　all；　bad　work　should　be　paid　no　less　than
  good　work；　as　a　bad　clergyman　yet　takes　his　tithes；　a　bad
  physician　takes　bis　fee；　and　a　bad　lawyer　his　costs。　And　this；　as
  will　be　farther　shown　in　the　conclusion；　I　said；　and　say；　partly
  because　the　best　work　never　was；　nor　ever　will　be；　done　for　money
  at　all；　but　chiefly　because；　the　moment　people　know　they　have　to
  pay　the　bad　and　good　alike；　they　will　try　to　discern　the　one　from
  the　other；　and　not　use　the　bad。　A　sagacious　writer　in　the
  Scotsman　asks　me　if　I　should　like　any　common　scribbler　to　be　paid
  by　Messrs　Smith；　Elder　and　Co。　as　their　good　authors　are。　I
  should；　if　they　employed　him…but　would　seriously　recommend　them；
  for　the　scribbler's　sake；　as　well　as　their　own；　not　to　employ
  him。　The　quantity　of　its　money　which　the　country　at　present
  invests　in　scribbling　is　not；　in　the　outcome　of　it；　economically
  spent；　and　even　the　highly　ingenious　person　to　whom　this　question
  occurred；　might　perhaps　have　been　more　beneficially　employed　than
  in　printing　it。
  12。　I　have　to　acknowledge　an　interesting　communication　on　the
  subject　of　free　trade　from　Paisley　（for　a　short　letter　from　〃A
  Well…wisher〃　at　my　thanks　are　yet　more　due）。　But　the　Scottish
  writer　will；　I　fear；　be　disagreeably　surprised　to　hear；　that　I
  am；　and　always　have　been；　an　utterly　fear