me　to　inherit　SUBSTANCE；　and　I　will　FILL　their　treasures。〃
  The　〃Lady　of　Saving；〃　in　a　profounder　sense　than　that　of　the
  savings　bank；　though　that　is　a　good　one：　Madonna　della　Salute；
  Lady　of　Health；　　which；　though　commonly　spoken　of　as　if
  separate　from　wealth；　is　indeed　a　part　of　wealth。　This　word；
  〃wealth；〃　it　will　be　remembered；　is　the　next　we　have　to　define。
  〃To　be　wealthy〃　says　Mr　Mill；　〃is　to　have　a　large　stock　of
  useful　articles。〃　I　accept　this　definition。　Only　let　us　perfectly
  understand　it。　My　opponents　often　lament　my　not　giving　them
  enough　logic：　I　fear　I　must　at　present　use　a　little　more　than
  they　will　like：　but　this　business　of　Political　Economy　is　no
  light　one；　and　we　must　allow　no　loose　terms　in　it。
  We　have；　therefore；　to　ascertain　in　the　above　definition；
  first；　what　is　the　meaning　of　〃having；〃　or　the　nature　of
  Possession。　Then　what　is　the　meaning　of　〃useful；〃　or　the　nature
  of　Utility。
  And　first　of　possession。　At　the　crossing　of　the　transepts　of
  Milan　Cathedral　has　lain；　for　three　hundred　years；　the　embalmed
  body　of　St。　Carlo　Borromeo。　It　holds　a　golden　crosier；　and　has　a
  cross　of　emeralds　on　its　breast。　Admitting　the　crosier　and
  emeralds　to　be　useful　articles；　is　the　body　to　be　considered　as
  〃having〃　them？　Do　they；　in　the　politico…economical　sense　of
  property；　belong　to　it？　If　not；　and　if　we　may；　therefore；
  conclude　generally　that　a　dead　body　cannot　possess　property；　what
  degree　and　period　of　animation　in　the　body　will　render　possession
  possible？
  As　thus：　lately　in　a　wreck　of　a　Californian　ship；　one　of　the
  passengers　fastened　a　belt　about　him　with　two　hundred　pounds　of
  gold　in　it；　with　which　he　was　found　afterwards　at　the　bottom。
  Now；　as　he　was　sinking　　had　he　the　gold？　or　had　the　gold
  him？（21*）
  And　if；　instead　of　sinking　him　in　the　sea　by　its　weight；　the
  gold　had　struck　him　on　the　forehead；　and　thereby　caused　incurable
  disease　　suppose　palsy　or　insanity；　　would　the　gold　in　that
  case　have　been　more　a　〃possession〃　than　in　the　first？　Without
  pressing　the　inquiry　up　through　instances　of　gradually　increasing
  vital　power　over　the　gold　（which　I　will；　however；　give；　if　they
  are　asked　for）；　I　presume　the　reader　will　see　that　possession；　or
  〃having；〃　is　not　an　absolute；　but　a　gradated；　power；　and　consists
  not　only　in　the　quantity　or　nature　of　the　thing　possessed；　but
  also　（and　in　a　greater　degree）　in　its　suitableness　to　the　person
  possessing　it　and　in　his　vital　power　to　use　it。
  And　our　definition　of　Wealth；　expanded；　becomes：　〃The
  possession　of　useful　articles；　which　we　can　use。〃　This　is　a　very
  serious　change。　For　wealth；　instead　of　depending　merely　on　a
  〃have；〃　is　thus　seen　to　depend　on　a　〃can。〃　Gladiator's　death；　on
  a　〃habet〃；　but　soldier's　victory；　and　State's　salvation；　on　a
  〃quo　plurimum　posset。〃　（liv。　VII。　6。）　And　what　we　reasoned　of
  only　as　accumulation　of　material；　is　seen　to　demand　also
  accumulation　of　capacity。
  So　much　for　our　verb。　Next　for　our　adjective。　What　is　the
  meaning　of　〃useful〃？
  The　inquiry　is　closely　connected　with　the　last。　For　what　is
  capable　of　use　in　the　hands　of　some　persons；　is　capable；　in　the
  hands　of　others；　of　the　opposite　of　use；　called　commonly
  〃from…use；〃　or　〃ab…use。〃　And　it　depends　on　the　person；　much　more
  than　on　the　article；　whether　its　usefulness　or　ab…usefulness　will
  be　the　quality　developed　in　it。　Thus；　wine；　which　the　Greeks；　in
  their　Bacchus；　made　rightly　the　type　of　all　passion；　and　which；
  when　used；　〃cheereth　god　and　man〃　（that　is　to　say；　strengthens
  both　the　divine　life；　or　reasoning　power；　and　the　earthy；　or
  carnal　power；　of　man）；　yet；　when　abused；　becomes　〃Dionysos；〃
  hurtful　especially　to　the　divine　part　of　man；　or　reason。　And
  again；　the　body　itself；　being　equally　liable　to　use　and　to　abuse；
  and；　when　rightly　disciplined；　serviceable　to　the　State；　both　for
  war　and　labour；　　but　when　not　disciplined；　or　abused；　valueless
  to　the　State；　and　capable　only　of　continuing　the　private　or
  single　existence　of　the　individual　（and　that　but　feebly）　　the
  Greeks　called　such　a　body　an　〃idiotic〃　or　〃private〃　body；　from
  their　word　signifying　a　person　employed　in　no　way　directly　useful
  to　the　State；　whence　finally；　our　〃idiot；〃　meaning　a　person
  entirely　occupied　with　his　own　concerns。
  Hence；　it　follows　that　if　a　thing　is　to　be　useful；　it　must　be
  not　only　of　an　availing　nature；　but　in　availing　hands。　Or；　in
  accurate　terms；　usefulness　is　value　in　the　hands　of　the　valiant；
  so　that　this　science　of　wealth　being；　as　we　have　just　seen；　when
  regarded　as　the　science　of　Accumulation；　accumulative　of　capacity
  as　well　as　of　material；　　when　regarded　as　the　Science　of
  Distribution；　is　distribution　not　absolute；　but　discriminate；　not
  of　every　thing　to　every　man；　but　of　the　right　thing　to　the　right
  man。　A　difficult　science；　dependent　on　more　than　arithmetic。
  Wealth；　therefore；　is　〃THE　POSSESSION　OF　THE　VALUABLE　BY　THE
  VALIANT〃；　and　in　considering　it　as　a　power　existing　in　a　nation；
  the　two　elements；　the　value　of　the　thing；　and　the　valour　of　its
  possessor；　must　be　estimated　together。　Whence　it　appears　that
  many　of　the　persons　commonly　considered　wealthy；　are　in　reality
  no　more　wealthy　than　the　locks　of　their　own　strong　boxes　are；
  they　being　inherently　and　eternally　incapable　of　wealth；　and
  operating　for　the　nation；　in　an　economical　point　of　view；　either
  as　pools　of　dead　water；　and　eddies　in　a　stream　（which；　so　long　as
  the　stream　flows；　are　useless；　or　serve　only　to　drown　people；　but
  may　become　of　importance　in　a　state　of　stagnation　should　the
  stream　dry）；　or　else；　as　dams　in　a　river；　of　which　the　ultimate
  service　depends　not　on　the　dam；　but　the　miller；　or　else；　as　mere
  accidental　stays　and　impediments；　acting　not　as　wealth；　but　（for
  we　ought　to　have　a　correspondent　term）　as　〃illth；〃　causing
  various　devastation　and　trouble　around　them　in　all　directions；　or
  lastly；　act　not　at　all；　but　are　merely　animated　conditions　of
  delay；　（no　use　being　possible　of　anything　they　have　until　they
  are　dead；）　in　which　last　condition　they　are　nevertheless　often
  useful　as　delays；　and　〃impedimenta；〃　if　a　nation　is　apt　to　move
  too　fast。
  This　being　so；　the　difficulty　of　the　true　science　of
  Political　Economy　lies　not　merely　in　the　need　of　developing　manly
  character　to　deal　with　material　value；　but　in　the　fact；　that
  while　the　manly　character　and　material　value　only　form　wealth　by
  their　conjunction；　they　have　nevertheless　a　mutually　destructive
  operation　on　each　other。　For　the　manly　character　is　apt　to
  ignore；　or　even　cast　away；　the　material　value：　　whence　that　of
  Pope：
  〃Sure；　of　qualities　demanding　praise；
  More　go　to　ruin　fortunes；　than　to　raise。〃
  And　on　the　other　hand；　the　material　value　is　apt　to　undermine　the
  manly　character；　so　that　it　must　be　our　work；　in　the　issue；　to
  examine　what　evidence　there　is　of　the　effect　of　wealth　on　the
  minds　of　its　possessors；　also；　what　kind　of　person　it　is　who
  usually　sets　himself　to　obtain　wealth；　and　succeeds　in　doing　so；
  and　whether　the　world　owes　more　gratitude　to　rich　or　to　poor　men；
  either　for　their　moral　influence　upon　it；　or　for　chief　goods；
  discoveries；　and　practical　advancements。　I　may；　however；
  anticipate　future　conclusions；　so　far　as　to　state　that　in　a
  community　regulated　only　by　laws　of　demand　and　supply；　but
  protected　from　open　violence；　the　persons　who　become　rich　are；
  generally　speaking；　industrious；　resolute；　proud；　covetous；
  prompt；　methodical；　sensible；　unimaginative；　insensitive；　and
  ignorant。　The　persons　who　remain　poor　are　the　entirely　foolish；
  the　entirely　wise；（22*）　the　idle；　the　reckless；　the　humble；　the
  thoughtful；　the　dull；　the　imaginative；　the　sensitive；　the
  well…informed；　the　improvident；　the　irregularly　and　impulsively
  wicked；　the　clumsy　knave；　the　open　thief；　and　the　entirely
  merciful；　just；　and　godly　person。
  Thus　far；　then；　of　wealth。　Next；　we　have　to　ascertain　the
  nature　of　PRICE；　that　is　to　say；　of　exchange　value；　and　its
  expression　by　currencies。
  Note　first；　of　exchange；　there　can　be　no　profit　in　it。　It　is
  only　in　labour　there　can　be　profit　　that　is　to　say；　a　〃making
  in　advance；〃　or　〃making　in　favour　of〃　（from　proficio）。　In
  exchange；　there　is　only　advantage；　i。e。；　a　bringing　of　vantage　or
  power　to　the　exchanging　persons。　Thus；　one　man；　by　sowing　and
  reaping；　turns　one　measure　of　corn　into　two　measures。　That　is
  Profit。　Another；　by　digging　a