good　physician　would　be　gone　through　by　a　sufficient　number　of
  students　with　the　prospect　of　only　half…guinea　fees；　public
  consent　would　soon　withdraw　the　unnecessary　half…guinea。　In　this
  ultimate　sense；　the　price　of　labour　is　indeed　always　regulated　by
  the　demand　for　it；　but；　so　far　as　the　practical　and　immediate
  administration　of　the　matter　is　regarded；　the　best　labour　always
  has　been；　and　is；　as　all　labour　ought　to　be；　paid　by　an
  invariable　standard。
  〃What！〃　the　reader　perhaps　answers　amazedly：　〃pay　good　and
  bad　workmen　alike？〃
  Certainly。　The　difference　between　one　prelate's　sermons　and
  his　successor's　　or　between　one　physician's　opinion　and
  another's　　is　far　greater；　as　respects　the　qualities　of　mind
  involved；　and　far　more　important　in　result　to　you　personally；
  than　the　difference　between　good　and　bad　laying　of　bricks　（though
  that　is　greater　than　most　people　suppose）。　Yet　you　pay　with　equal
  fee；　contentedly；　the　good　and　bad　workmen　upon　your　soul；　and
  the　good　and　bad　workmen　upon　your　body；　much　more　may　you　pay；
  contentedly；　with　equal　fees；　the　good　and　bad　workmen　upon　your
  house。
  〃Nay；　but　I　choose　my　physician　and　（？）　my　clergyman；　thus
  indicating　my　sense　of　the　quality　of　their　work。〃　By　all　means；
  also；　choose　your　bricklayer；　that　is　the　proper　reward　of　the
  good　workman；　to　be　〃chosen。〃　The　natural　and　right　system
  respecting　all　labour　is；　that　it　should　be　paid　at　a　fixed　rate；
  but　the　good　workman　employed；　and　the　bad　workman　unemployed。
  The　false；　unnatural；　and　destructive　system　is　when　the　bad
  workman　is　allowed　to　offer　his　work　at　half…price；　and　either
  take　the　place　of　the　good；　or　force　him　by　his　competition　to
  work　for　an　inadequate　sum。
  This　equality　of　wages；　then；　being　the　first　object　toward
  which　we　have　to　discover　the　directest　available　road；　the
  second　is；　as　above　stated；　that　of　maintaining　constant　numbers
  of　workmen　in　employment；　whatever　may　be　the　accidental　demand
  for　the　article　they　produce。
  I　believe　the　sudden　and　extensive　inequalities　of　demand；
  which　necessarily　arise　in　the　mercantile　operations　of　an　active
  nation；　constitute　the　only　essential　difficulty　which　has　to　be
  overcome　in　a　just　organization　of　labour。　The　subject　opens　into
  too　many　branches　to　admit　of　being　investigated　in　a　paper　of
  this　kind；　but　the　following　general　facts　bearing　on　it　may　be
  noted。
  The　wages　which　enable　any　workman　to　live　are　necessarily
  higher；　if　his　work　is　liable　to　intermission；　than　if　it　is
  assured　and　continuous；　and　however　severe　the　struggle　for　work
  may　become；　the　general　law　will　always　hold；　that　men　must　get
  more　daily　pay　if；　on　the　average；　they　can　only　calculate　on
  work　three　days　a　week　than　they　would　require　if　they　were　sure
  of　work　six　days　a　week。　Supposing　that　a　man　cannot　live　on　less
  than　a　shilling　a　day；　his　seven　shillings　he　must　get；　either
  for　three　days'　violent　work；　or　six　days'　deliberate　work。　The
  tendency　of　all　modern　mercantile　operations　is　to　throw　both
  wages　and　trade　into　the　form　of　a　lottery；　and　to　make　the
  workman's　pay　depend　on　intermittent　exertion；　and　the
  principal's　profit　on　dexterously　used　chance。
  In　what　partial　degree；　I　repeat；　this　may　be　necessary　in
  consequence　of　the　activities　of　modern　trade；　I　do　not　here
  investigate；　contenting　myself　with　the　fact；　that　in　its
  fatalest　aspects　it　is　assuredly　unnecessary；　and　results　merely
  from　love　of　gambling　on　the　part　of　the　masters；　and　from
  ignorance　and　sensuality　in　the　men。　The　masters　cannot　bear　to
  let　any　opportunity　of　gain　escape　them；　and　frantically　rush　at
  every　gap　and　breach　in　the　walls　of　Fortune；　raging　to　be　rich；
  and　affronting；　with　impatient　covetousness；　every　risk　of　ruin；
  while　the　men　prefer　three　days　of　violent　labour；　and　three　days
  of　drunkenness；　to　six　days　of　moderate　work　and　wise　rest。　There
  is　no　way　in　which　a　principal；　who　really　desires　to　help　his
  workmen；　may　do　it　more　effectually　than　by　checking　these
  disorderly　habits　both　in　himself　and　them；　keeping　his　own
  business　operations　on　a　scale　which　will　enable　him　to　pursue
  them　securely；　not　yielding　to　temptations　of　precarious　gain；
  and；　at　the　same　time；　leading　his　workmen　into　regular　habits　of
  labour　and　life；　either　by　inducing　them　rather　to　take　low　wages
  in　the　form　of　a　fixed　salary；　than　high　wages；　subject　to　the
  chance　of　their　being　thrown　out　of　work；　or；　if　this　be
  impossible；　by　discouraging　the　system　of　violent　exertion　for
  nominally　high　day　wages；　and　leading　the　men　to　take　lower　pay
  for　more　regular　labour。
  In　effecting　any　radical　changes　of　this　kind；　doubtless
  there　would　be　great　inconvenience　and　loss　incurred　by　all　the
  originators　of　movement。　That　which　can　be　done　with　perfect
  convenience　and　without　loss；　is　not　always　the　thing　that　most
  needs　to　be　done；　or　which　we　are　most　imperatively　required　to
  do。
  I　have　already　alluded　to　the　difference　hitherto　existing
  between　regiments　of　men　associated　for　purposes　of　violence；　and
  for　purposes　of　manufacture；　in　that　the　former　appear　capable　of
  self…sacrifice　　the　latter；　not；　which　singular　fact　is　the
  real　reason　of　the　general　lowness　of　estimate　in　which　the
  profession　of　commerce　is　held；　as　compared　with　that　of　arms。
  Philosophically；　it　does　not；　at　first　sight；　appear　reasonable
  （many　writers　have　endeavoured　to　prove　it　unreasonable）　that　a
  peaceable　and　rational　person；　whose　trade　is　buying　and　selling；
  should　be　held　in　less　honour　than　an　unpeaceable　and　often
  irrational　person；　whose　trade　is　slaying。　Nevertheless；　the
  consent　of　mankind　has　always；　in　spite　of　the　philosophers；
  given　precedence　to　the　soldier。
  And　this　is　right。
  For　the　soldier's　trade；　verily　and　essentially；　is　not
  slaying；　but　being　slain。　This；　without　well　knowing　its　own
  meaning；　the　world　honours　it　for。　A　bravo's　trade　is　slaying；
  but　the　world　has　never　respected　bravos　more　than　merchants：　the
  reason　it　honours　the　soldier　is；　because　he　holds　his　life　at
  the　service　of　the　State。　Reckless　he　may　be　　fond　of　pleasure
  or　of　adventure…all　kinds　of　bye…motives　and　mean　impulses　may
  have　determined　the　choice　of　his　profession；　and　may　affect　（to
  all　appearance　exclusively）　his　daily　conduct　in　it；　but　our
  estimate　of　him　is　based　on　this　ultimate　fact　　of　which　we　are
  well　assured　　that　put　him　in　a　fortress　breach；　with　all　the
  pleasures　of　the　world　behind　him；　and　only　death　and　his　duty　in
  front　of　him；　he　will　keep　his　face　to　the　front；　and　he　knows
  that　his　choice　may　be　put　to　him　at　any　moment　　and　has
  beforehand　taken　his　part　　virtually　takes　such　part
  continually　　does；　in　reality；　die　daily。
  Not　less　is　the　respect　we　pay　to　the　lawyer　and　physician；
  founded　ultimately　on　their　self…sacrifice。　Whatever　the　learning
  or　acuteness　of　a　great　lawyer；　our　chief　respect　for　him　depends
  on　our　belief　that；　set　in　a　judge's　seat；　he　will　strive　to
  judge　justly；　come　of　it　what　may。　Could　we　suppose　that　he　would
  take　bribes；　and　use　his　acuteness　and　legal　knowledge　to　give
  plausibility　to　iniquitous　decisions；　no　degree　of　intellect
  would　win　for　him　our　respect。　Nothing　will　win　it；　short　of　our
  tacit　conviction；　that　in　all　important　acts　of　his　life　justice
  is　first　with　him；　his　own　interest；　second。
  In　the　case　of　a　physician；　the　ground　of　the　honour　we
  render　him　is　clearer　still。　Whatever　his　science；　we　would
  shrink　from　him　in　horror　if　we　found　him　regard　his　patients
  merely　as　subjects　to　experiment　upon；　much　more；　if　we　found
  that；　receiving　bribes　from　persons　interested　in　their　deaths；
  he　was　using　his　best　skill　to　give　poison　in　the　mask　of
  medicine。
  Finally；　the　principle　holds　with　utmost　clearness　as　it
  respects　clergymen。　No　goodness　of　disposition　will　excuse　want
  of　science　in　a　physician；　or　of　shrewdness　in　an　advocate；　but　a
  clergyman；　even　though　his　power　of　intellect　be　small；　is
  respected　on　the　presumed　ground　of　his　unselfishness　and
  serviceableness。
  Now；　there　can　be　no　question　but　that　the　tact；　foresight；
  decision；　and　other　mental　powers；　required　for　the　successful
  management　of　a　large　mercantile　concern；　if　not　such　as　could　be
  compared　with　those　of　a　great　lawyer；　general；　or　divine；　would
  at　least　match　the　general　conditions　of　mind　requ