market　value　of　his　labour；　by　requiring　as　much　as　he　will　give。
  This　is　the　politico…economical　view　of　the　case；　according
  to　the　doctors　of　that　science；　who　assert　that　by　this　procedure
  the　greatest　average　of　work　will　be　obtained　from　the　servant；
  and　therefore　the　greatest　benefit　to　the　community；　and　through
  the　community；　by　reversion；　to　the　servant　himself。
  That；　however；　is　not　so。　It　would　be　so　if　the　servant　were
  an　engine　of　which　the　motive　power　was　steam；　magnetism；
  gravitation；　or　any　other　agent　of　calculable　force。　But　he
  being；　on　the　contrary；　an　engine　whose　motive　power　is　a　Soul；
  the　force　of　this　very　peculiar　agent；　as　an　unknown　quantity；
  enters　into　all　the　political　economist's　equations；　without　his
  knowledge；　and　falsifies　every　one　of　their　results。　The　largest
  quantity　of　work　will　not　be　done　by　this　curious　engine　for　pay；
  or　under　pressure；　or　by　help　of　any　kind　of　fuel　which　may　be
  supplied　by　the　caldron。　It　will　be　done　only　when　the　motive
  force；　that　is　to　say；　the　will　or　spirit　of　the　creature；　is
  brought　to　its　greatest　strength　by　its　own　proper　fuel：　namely；
  by　the　affections。
  It　may　indeed　happen；　and　does　happen　often；　that　if　the
  master　is　a　man　of　sense　ad　energy；　a　large　quantity　of　material
  work　may　be　done　under　mechanical　pressure；　enforced　by　strong
  will　and　guided　by　wise　method；　also　it　may　happen；　and　does
  happen　often；　that　if　the　master　is　indolent　and　weak　（however
  good…natured）；　a　very　small　quantity　of　work；　and　that　bad；　may
  be　produced　by　the　servant's　undirected　strength；　and
  contemptuous　gratitude。　But　the　universal　law　of　the　matter　is
  that；　assuming　any　given　quantity　of　energy　and　sense　in　master
  and　servant；　the　greatest　material　result　obtainable　by　them　will
  be；　not　through　antagonism　to　each　other；　but　through　affection
  for　each　other；　and　that　if　the　master；　instead　of　endeavouring
  to　get　as　much　work　as　possible　from　the　servant；　seeks　rather　to
  render　his　appointed　and　necessary　work　beneficial　to　him；　and　to
  forward　his　interests　in　all　just　and　wholesome　ways；　the　real
  amount　of　work　ultimately　done；　or　of　good　rendered；　by　the
  person　so　cared　for；　will　indeed　be　the　greatest　possible。
  Observe；　I　say；　〃of　good　rendered；〃　for　a　servant's　work　is
  not　necessarily　or　always　the　best　thing　he　can　give　his　master。
  But　good　of　all　kinds；　whether　in　material　service；　in　protective
  watchfulness　of　his　master's　interest　and　credit；　or　in　joyful
  readiness　to　seize　unexpected　and　irregular　occasions　of　help。
  Nor　is　this　one　whit　less　generally　true　because　indulgence
  will　be　frequently　abused；　and　kindness　met　with　ingratitude。　For
  the　servant　who；　gently　treated；　is　ungrateful；　treated　ungently；
  will　be　revengeful；　and　the　man　who　is　dishonest　to　a　liberal
  master　will　be　injurious　to　an　unjust　one。
  In　any　case；　and　with　any　person；　this　unselfish　treatment
  will　produce　the　most　effective　return。　Observe；　I　am　here
  considering　the　affections　wholly　as　a　motive　power；　not　at　all
  as　things　in　themselves　desirable　or　noble；　or　in　any　other　way
  abstractedly　good。　I　look　at　them　simply　as　an　anomalous　force；
  rendering　every　one　of　the　ordinary　political　economist's
  calculations　nugatory；　while；　even　if　he　desired　to　introduce
  this　new　element　into　his　estimates；　he　has　no　power　of　dealing
  with　it；　for　the　affections　only　become　a　true　motive　power　when
  they　ignore　every　other　motive　and　condition　of　political
  economy。　Treat　the　servant　kindly；　with　the　idea　of　turning　his
  gratitude　to　account；　and　you　will　get；　as　you　deserve；　no
  gratitude；　nor　any　value　for　your　kindness；　but　treat　him　kindly
  without　any　economical　purpose；　and　all　economical　purposes　will
  be　answered；　in　this；　as　in　all　other　matters；　whosoever　will
  save　his　life　shall　lose　it；　whoso　loses　it　shall　find　it。（1*）
  The　next　clearest　and　simplest　example　of　relation　between
  master　and　operative　is　that　which　exists　between　the　commander
  of　a　regiment　and　his　men。
  Supposing　the　officer　only　desires　to　apply　the　rules　of
  discipline　so　as；　with　least　trouble　to　himself；　to　make　the
  regiment　most　effective；　he　will　not　be　able；　by　any　rules　or
  administration　of　rules；　on　this　selfish　principle；　to　develop
  the　full　strength　of　his　subordinates。　If　a　man　of　sense　and
  firmness；　he　may；　as　in　the　former　instance；　produce　a　better
  result　than　would　be　obtained　by　the　irregular　kindness　of　a　weak
  officer；　but　let　the　sense　and　firmness　be　the　same　in　both
  cases；　and　assuredly　the　officer　who　has　the　most　direct　personal
  relations　with　his　men；　the　most　care　for　their　interests；　and
  the　most　value　for　their　lives；　will　develop　their　effective
  strength；　through　their　affection　for　his　own　person；　and　trust
  in　his　character；　to　a　degree　wholly　unattainable　by　other　means。
  This　law　applies　still　more　stringently　as　the　numbers　concerned
  are　larger：　a　charge　may　often　be　successful；　though　the　men
  dislike　their　officers；　a　battle　has　rarely　been　won；　unless　they
  loved　their　general。
  Passing　from　these　simple　examples　to　the　more　complicated
  relations　existing　between　a　manufacturer　and　his　workmen；　we　are
  met　first　by　certain　curious　difficulties；　resulting；　apparently；
  from　a　harder　and　colder　state　of　moral　elements。　It　is　easy　to
  imagine　an　enthusiastic　affection　existing　among　soldiers　for　the
  colonel。　Not　so　easy　to　imagine　an　enthusiastic　affection　among
  cotton…spinners　for　the　proprietor　of　the　mill。　A　body　of　men
  associated　for　purposes　of　robbery　（as　a　Highland　clan　in　ancient
  times）　shall　be　animated　by　perfect　affection；　and　every　member
  of　it　be　ready　to　lay　down　his　life　for　the　life　of　his　chief。
  But　a　band　of　men　associated　for　purposes　of　legal　production　and
  accumulation　is　usually　animated；　it　appears；　by　no　such
  emotions；　and　none　of　them　are　in　any　wise　willing　to　give　his
  life　for　the　life　of　his　chief。　Not　only　are　we　met　by　this
  apparent　anomaly；　in　moral　matters；　but　by　others　connected　with
  it；　in　administration　of　system。　For　a　servant　or　a　soldier　is
  engaged　at　a　definite　rate　of　wages；　for　a　definite　period；　but　a
  workman　at　a　rate　of　wages　variable　according　to　the　demand　for
  labour；　and　with　the　risk　of　being　at　any　time　thrown　out　of　his
  situation　by　chances　of　trade。　Now；　as；　under　these
  contingencies；　no　action　of　the　affections　can　take　place；　but
  only　an　explosive　action　of　disaffections；　two　points　offer
  themselves　for　consideration　in　the　matter。
  The　first　　How　far　the　rate　of　wages　may　be　so　regulated　as
  not　to　vary　with　the　demand　for　labour。
  The　second　　How　far　it　is　possible　that　bodies　of　workmen
  may　be　engaged　and　maintained　at　such　fixed　rate　of　wages
  （whatever　the　state　of　trade　may　be）；　without　enlarging　or
  diminishing　their　number；　so　as　to　give　them　permanent　interest
  in　the　establishment　with　which　they　are　connected；　like　that　of
  the　domestic　servants　in　an　old　family；　or　an　esprit　de　corps；
  like　that　of　the　soldiers　in　a　crack　regiment。
  The　first　question　is；　I　say；　how　far　it　may　be　possible　to
  fix　the　rate　of　wages；　irrespectively　of　the　demand　for　labour。
  Perhaps　one　of　the　most　curious　facts　in　the　history　of　human
  error　is　the　denial　by　the　common　political　economist　of　the
  possibility　of　thus　regulating　wages；　while；　for　all　the
  important；　and　much　of　the　unimportant；　labour；　on　the　earth；
  wages　are　already　so　regulated。
  We　do　not　sell　our　prime…ministership　by　Dutch　auction；　nor；
  on　the　decease　of　a　bishop；　whatever　may　be　the　general
  advantages　of　simony；　do　we　（yet）　offer　his　diocese　to　the
  clergyman　who　will　take　the　episcopacy　at　the　lowest　contract。　We
  （with　exquisite　sagacity　of　political　economy！）　do　indeed　sell
  commissions；　but　not　openly；　generalships：　sick；　we　do　not
  inquire　for　a　physician　who　takes　less　than　a　guinea；　litigious；
  we　never　think　of　reducing　six…and…eight…pence　to
  four…and…sixpence；　caught　in　a　shower；　we　do　not　canvass　the
  cabmen；　to　find　one　who　values　his　driving　at　less　than　sixpence
  a　mile。
  It　is　true　that　in　all　these　cases　there　is；　and　in　every
  conceivable　case　there　must　be；　ultimate　reference　to　the
  presumed　difficulty　of　the　work；　or　number　of　candidates　for　the
  office。　If　it　were　thought　that　the　labour　necessary　to　make　a
  good　physician　would　be　gone　through　by　a　sufficient　number　of
  students　with　the　prospect　of　only　hal