第 20 节
作者:这就是结局      更新:2021-02-19 18:30      字数:9322
  illustrated books。       Here it may be said; in passing; that an early copy of
  William      Blake's    〃Songs     of   Innocence;〃      written;    illustrated;   printed;
  coloured;     and   boarded     by   the  author's   own    hand;   is  one   of  the  most
  charming objects   that a bibliophile can   hope to   possess。             The verses of
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  Blake;   in   a   framework   of   birds;   and   flowers;   and   plumes;   all   softly   and
  magically   tinted;   seem   like   some   book   out   of   King   Oberon's   library   in
  fairyland; rather than the productions of a mortal press。                   The pictures in
  Blake's   〃prophetic   books;〃   and   even   his   illustrations   to   〃Job;〃   show   an
  imagination       more     heavily     weighted      by   the   technical     difficulties    of
  drawing。
  The next class of rare books is composed of works from the famous
  presses of the Aldi and the Elzevirs。              Other presses have; perhaps; done
  work   as   good;   but   Estienne;   the   Giunta;   and   Plantin;   are   comparatively
  neglected; while the taste for the performances of Baskerville and Foulis is
  not very eager。       A safe judgment about Aldines and Elzevirs is the gift of
  years and of long experience。 In this place it is only possible to say a few
  words   on   a   wide   subject。     The   founder of   the Aldine   press; Aldus   Pius
  Manutius; was born about 1450; and died at Venice in 1514。                         He was a
  man of careful and profound learning; and was deeply interested in Greek
  studies; then encouraged by the arrival in Italy of many educated Greeks
  and   Cretans。      Only  four   Greek   authors had   as   yet   been printed in   Italy;
  when   (1495)   Aldus   established   his   press   at   Venice。   Theocritus;   Homer;
  AEsop; and Isocrates; probably in very limited editions; were in the hands
  of   students。     The  purpose   of Aldus   was   to   put   Greek   and   Latin   works;
  beautifully printed in a convenient shape; within the reach of all the world。
  His reform was the introduction of books at once cheap; studiously correct;
  and   convenient   in   actual   use。     It   was   in   1498   that   he   first   adopted   the
  small   octavo   size;   and   in   his   〃Virgil〃   of   1501;   he   introduced   the   type
  called Aldine or Italic。        The letters were united as in writing; and the type
  is said to have been cut by Francesco da Bologna; better known as Francia;
  in   imitation   of   the   hand   of   Petrarch。   For   full   information   about Aldus
  and his descendants and successors; the work of M。 Firmin Didot; (〃Alde
  Manuce et l'Hellenisme a Venise:              Paris 1875);〃 and the Aldine annals of
  Renouard;   must   be   consulted。          These   two   works   are   necessary   to   the
  collector; who will otherwise be deceived by the misleading assertions of
  the booksellers。       As a rule; the volumes published in the lifetime of Aldus
  Manutius are the most esteemed; and of these the Aristotle; the first Homer;
  the    Virgil;   and   the   Ovid;    are  perhaps     most    in  demand。       The    earlier
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  Aldines are consulted almost as studiously as MSS。 by modern editors of
  the classics。
  Just as the house of Aldus waned and expired; that of the great Dutch
  printers; the Elzevirs; began obscurely enough at Leyden in 1583。                       The
  Elzevirs     were    not;  like  Aldus;    ripe   scholars    and   men    of  devotion     to
  learning。     Aldus laboured for the love of noble studies; the Elzevirs were
  acute; and too often 〃smart〃 men of business。               The founder of the family
  was Louis (born at Louvain; 1540; died 1617)。 But it was in the second
  and   third   generations   that   Bonaventura   and   Abraham   Elzevir   began   to
  publish at Leyden; their editions in small duodecimo。                  Like Aldus; these
  Elzevirs   aimed   at   producing   books   at   once   handy;   cheap;   correct;   and
  beautiful in   execution。       Their   adventure   was   a   complete   success。       The
  Elzevirs   did   not;   like Aldus;   surround   themselves   with   the   most   learned
  scholars of their time。 Their famous literary adviser; Heinsius; was full of
  literary jealousies; and kept students of his own calibre at a distance。                The
  classical    editions    of  the  Elzevirs;    beautiful;   but   too  small   in  type   for
  modern eyes; are anything but exquisitely correct。                 Their editions of the
  contemporary。         French     authors;    now     classics   themselves;     are   lovely
  examples of skill in practical enterprise。 The Elzevirs treated the   French
  authors much as American publishers treat Englishmen。                    They stole right
  and left; but no one complained much in these times of slack copyright;
  and; at all events; the piratic larcenous publications of the Dutch printers
  were pretty; and so far satisfactory。           They themselves; in turn; were the
  victims     of  fraudulent     and   untradesmanlike       imitations。     It  is  for   this;
  among       other   reasons;    that   the  collector    of   Elzevirs    must    make    M。
  Willems's   book   (〃Les   Elzevier;〃   Brussels   and   Paris;   1880)   his   constant
  study。 Differences so minute that they escape the unpractised eye; denote
  editions of most various value。           In Elzevirs a line's breadth of margin is
  often worth a hundred pounds; and a misprint is quoted at no less a sum。
  The   fantastic   caprice   of   bibliophiles   has   revelled   in   the   bibliography   of
  these Dutch editions。         They are at present very scarce in England; where
  a change in fashion some years ago had made them common enough。                          No
  Elzevir   is   valuable   unless   it   be   clean   and   large   in   the   margins。 When
  these   conditions   are   satisfied the   question   of   rarity  comes   in;   and   Remy
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  Belleau's   Macaronic   poem;   or   〃Le   Pastissier   Francais;〃   may   rise   to   the
  price of four or five hundred pounds。              A Rabelais; Moliere; or Corneille;
  of a 〃good〃 edition; is now more in request than the once adored 〃Imitatio
  Christi〃 (dateless); or the 〃Virgil〃' of 1646; which is full of gross errors of
  the press; but is esteemed for red characters in the letter to Augustus; and
  another passage at page 92。           The ordinary marks of the Elzevirs were the
  sphere; the old hermit; the Athena; the eagle; and the burning faggot。                   But
  all   little  old   books    marked     with    spheres    are   not   Elzevirs;   as   many
  booksellers suppose。         Other printers also stole the designs for the tops of
  chapters; the Aegipan; the Siren; the head of Medusa; the crossed sceptres;
  and the rest。      In some cases the Elzevirs published their books; especially
  when   they   were   piracies;   anonymously。           When   they   published   for   the
  Jansenists; they  allowed their  clients to   put fantastic  pseudonyms on   the
  title   pages。   But;   except   in   four   cases;   they   had   only   two   pseudonyms
  used    on   the   titles  of  books    published    by   and   for  themselves。      These
  disguises are 〃Jean Sambix〃 for Jean and Daniel Elzevir; at Leyden; and
  for the Elzevirs of Amsterdam; 〃Jacques le Jeune。〃                  The last of the great
  representatives of the house; Daniel; died at Amsterdam; 1680。                   Abraham;
  an   unworthy   scion;   struggled   on   at   Leyden   till   1712。     The   family   still
  prospers;     but   no    longer    prints;   in  Holland。      It   is  common       to  add
  duodecimos of Foppens; Wolfgang; and other printers; to the collections of
  the Elzevirs。      The books of Wolfgang have the sign of the fox robbing a
  wild bee's nest; with the motto Quaerendo。
  Curious   and   singular   books   are   the   next   in   our   classification。    The
  category is too large。       The books that be 〃curious〃 (not in the booksellers'
  sense of 〃prurient〃 and 〃disgusting;〃) are innumerable。 All suppressed and
  condemned          books;      from      〃Les     Fleurs      du     Mal〃      to    Vanini's
  〃Amphitheatrum;〃   or   the   English   translation   of   Bruno's   〃Spaccia   della
  Bestia Trionfante;〃 are more or less rare; and more or less curious。                    Wild
  books; like William Postel's 〃Three Marvellous Triumphs of Women;〃 are
  〃