y　eight；　in　February；　seventeen；　in　March　thirteen。　With　the　advance　of　spring　the　mortality　diminished；　the　sick　and　lame　began　to　recover；　and　the　colonists；　saddened　but　not　disheartened；　applied　themselves　to　the　labors　of　the　opening　year。
  One　of　the　most　pressing　needs　of　the　early　colonists　must　have　been　that　of　physicians　and　surgeons。　　In　Mr。　Savage's　remarkable　Genealogical　Dictionary　of　the　first　settlers　who　came　over　before　1692　and　their　descendants　to　the　third　generation；　I　find　scattered　through　the　four　crowded　volumes　the　names　of　one　hundred　and　thirty…　four　medical　practitioners。　　Of　these；　twelve；　and　probably　many　more；　practised　surgery；　three　were　barber…surgeons。　　A　little　incident　throws　a　glimmer　from　the　dark　lantern　of　memory　upon　William　Direly；　one　of　these　practitioners　with　the　razor　and　the　lancet。　　He　was　lost　between　Boston　and　Roxbury　in　a　violent　tempest　of　wind　and　snow；　ten　days　afterwards　a　son　was　born　to　his　widow；　and　with　a　touch　of　homely　sentiment；　I　had　almost　said　poetry；　they　called　the　little　creature　〃Fathergone〃　Direly。　　Six　or　seven；　probably　a　larger　number；　were　ministers　as　well　as　physicians；　one　of　whom；　I　am　sorry　to　say；　took　to　drink　and　tumbled　into　the　Connecticut　River；　and　so　ended。　　One　was　not　only　doctor；　but　also　schoolmaster　and　poet。　　One　practised　medicine　and　kept　a　tavern。　One　was　a　butcher；　but　calls　himself　a　surgeon　in　his　will；　a　union　of　callings　which　suggests　an　obvious　pleasantry。　　One　female　practitioner；　employed　by　her　own　sex；Ann　Moore；was　the　precursor　of　that　intrepid　sisterhood　whose　cause　it　has　long　been　my　pleasure　and　privilege　to　advocate　on　all　fitting　occasions。
  Outside　of　this　list　I　must　place　the　name　of　Thomas　Wilkinson；　who　was　complained　of；　is　1676；　for　practising　contrary　to　law。
  Many　names　in　the　catalogue　of　these　early　physicians　have　been　associated；　in　later　periods；　with　the　practice　of　the　profession；　among　them；　Boylston；　Clark；　Danforth；　Homan；　Jeffrey；　Kittredge；　Oliver；　Peaslee；　Randall；　Shattuck；　Thacher；　Wellington；　Williams；　Woodward。　　Touton　was　a　Huguenot；　Burchsted　a　German　from　Silesia；　Lunerus　a　German　or　a　Pole；　〃Pighogg　Churrergeon；〃　I　hope；　for　the　honor　of　the　profession；　was　only　Peacock　disguised　under　this　alias；　which　would　not；　I　fear；　prove　very　attractive　to　patients。
  What　doctrines　and　practice　were　these　colonists　likely　to　bring；　with　them？
  Two　principal　schools　of　medical　practice　prevailed　in　the　Old　World　during　the　greater　part　of　the　seventeenth　century。　　The　first　held　to　the　old　methods　of　Galen：　its　theory　was　that　the　body；　the　microcosm；　like　the　macrocosm；　was　made　up　of　the　four　elements　fire；　air；　water；　earth；　having　respectively　the　qualities　hot；　dry；　moist；　cold。　　The　body　was　to　be　preserved　in　health　by　keeping　each　of　these　qualities　in　its　natural　proportion；　heat；　by　the　proper　temperature；　moisture；　by　the　due　amount　of　fluid；　and　so　as　to　the　rest。　　Diseases　which　arose　from　excess　of　heat　were　to　be　attacked　by　cooling　remedies；　those　from　excess　of　cold；　by　heating　ones；　and　so　of　the　other　derangements　of　balance。　　This　was　truly　the　principle　of　contraries　contrariis；　which　ill…informed　persons　have　attempted　to　make　out　to　be　the　general　doctrine　of　medicine；　whereas　there　is　no　general　dogma　other　than　this：　disease　is　to　be　treated　by　anything　that　is　proved　to　cure　it。　　The　means　the　Galenist　employed　were　chiefly　diet　and　vegetable　remedies；　with　the　use　of　the　lancet　and　other　depleting　agents。　　He　attributed　the　four　fundamental　qualities　to　different　vegetables；　in　four　different　degrees；　thus　chicory　was　cold　in　the　fourth　degree；　pepper　was　hot　in　the　fourth；　endive　was　cold　and　dry　in　the　second；　and　bitter　almonds　were　hot　in　the　first　and　dry　in　the　second　degree。　　When　we　say　〃cool　as　a　cucumber；〃　we　are　talking　Galenism。　　The　seeds　of　that　vegetable　ranked　as　one　of　〃the　four　greater　cold　seeds〃　of　this　system。
  Galenism　prevailed　mostly　in　the　south　of　Europe　and　France。　　The　readers　of　Moliere　will　have　no　difficulty　in　recalling　some　of　its　favorite　modes　of　treatment；　and　the　abundant　mirth　he　extracted　from　them。
  These　Galenists　were　what　we　should　call　〃herb…doctors〃　to…day。　Their　insignificant　infusions　lost　credit　after　a　time；　their　absurdly　complicated　mixtures　excited　contempt；　and　their　nauseous　prescriptions　provoked　loathing　and　disgust。　　A　simpler　and　bolder　practice　found　welcome　in　Germany；　depending　chiefly　on　mineral　remedies；　mercury；　antimony；　sulphur；　arsenic；　and　the　use；　sometimes　the　secret　use；　of　opium。　　Whatever　we　think　of　Paracelsus；　the　chief　agent　in　the　introduction　of　these　remedies；　and　whatever　limits　we　may　assign　to　the　use　of　these　long…trusted　mineral　drugs；　there　can　be　no　doubt　that　the　chemical　school；　as　it　was　called；　did　a　great　deal　towards　the　expurgation　of　the　old；　overloaded；　and　repulsive　pharmacopoeia。　　We　shall　find　evidence　in　the　practice　of　our　New…　England　physicians　of　the　first　century；　that　they　often　employed　chemical　remedies；　and　that；　by　the　early　part　of　the　following　century；　their　chief　trust　was　in　the　few　simple；　potent　drugs　of　Paracelsus。
  We　have　seen　that　many　of　the　practitioners　of　medicine；　during　the　first　century　of　New　England；　were　clergymen。　　This　relation　between　medicine　and　theology　has　existed　from　a　very　early　period；　from　the　Egyptian　priest　to　the　Indian　medicine…man；　the　alliance　has　been　maintained　in　one　form　or　another。　　The　partnership　was　very　common　among　our　British　ancestors。　　Mr。　Ward；　the　Vicar　of　Stratford…on…　Avon；　himself　a　notable　example　of　the　union　of　the　two　characters；　writing　about　1660；　says；
  〃The　Saxons　had　their　blood…letters；　but　under　the　Normans　physicke；　begunne　in　England；　300　years　agoe　itt　was　not　a　distinct　profession　by　itself；　but　practised　by　men　in　orders；　witness　Nicholas　de　Ternham；　the　chief　English　physician　and　Bishop　of　Durham；　Hugh　of　Evesham；　a　physician　and　cardinal；　Grysant；　physician　and　pope；　John　Chambers；　Dr。　of　Physick；　was　the　first　Bishop　of　Peterborough；　Paul　Bush；　a　bachelor　of　divinitie　in　Oxford；　was　a　man　well　read　in　physick　as　well　as　divinitie；　he　was　the　first　bishop　of　Bristol。〃
  〃Again　in　King　Richard　the　Second's　time　physicians　and　divines　were　not　distinct　professions；　for　one　Tydeman；　Bishop　of　Landaph　and　Worcester；　was　physician　to　King　Richard　the　Second。〃
  This　alliance　may　have　had　its　share　in　creating　and　keeping　up　the　many　superstitions　which　have　figured　so　largely　in　the　history　of　medicine。　　It　is　curious　to　see　that　a　medical　work　left　in　manuscript　by　the　Rev。　Cotton　Mather　and　hereafter　to　be　referred　to；　is　running　over　with　follies　and　superstitious　fancies；　while　his　contemporary　and　fellow…townsman；　William　Douglass；　relied　on　the　same　few　simple　remedies　which；　through　Dr。　Edward　Holyoke　and　Dr。　James　Jackson；　have　come　down　to　our　own　time；　as　the　most　important　articles　of　the　materia　medica。
  Let　us　now　take　a　general　glance　at　some　of　the　conditions　of　the　early　settlers；　and　first；　as　to　the　healthfulness　of　the　climate。　The　mortality　of　the　season　that　followed　the　landing　of　the　Pilgrims　at　Plymouth　has　been　sufficiently　accounted　for。　　After　this；　the　colonists　seem　to　have　found　the　new　country　agreeing　very　well　with　their　English　constitutions。　　Its　clear　air　is　the　subject　of　eulogy。　Its　dainty　springs　of　sweet　water　are　praised　not　only　by　Higginson　and　Wood；　but　even　the　mischievous　Morton　says；　that　for　its　delicate　waters　Canaan　came　not　near　this　country。〃　　There　is　a　tendency　to　dilate　on　these　simple　blessings；　which　reminds　one　a　little　of　the　Marchioness　in　Dickens's　story；　with　her　orange…peel…and…water　beverage。　　Still　more　does　one　feel　the　warmth　of　coloring；such　as　we　expect　from　converts　to　a　new　faith；　and　settlers　who　want　to　entice　others　over　to　their　clearings；　when　Winslow　speaks；　in　1621；　of　〃abundance　of　roses；　white；　red；　and　damask；　single；　but　very　sweet　indeed；〃　a　most　of　all；　however；　when；　in　the　same　connection；　he　says；　〃Here　are　grapes　white　and　red；　and　very　sweet　and　strong　also。〃　　This　of　our　wild　grape；　a　little　vegetable　Indian；　which　scalps　a　civilized　man's　mouth；　as　his　animal　representative　scalps　his　cranium。　　But　there　is　something　quite　charming　in　Winslow's　picture　of　the　luxury　in　which　they　are　living。　　Lobsters；　oysters；　eels；　mussels；　fish　and　fowl；　delicious　fruit；　including　the　grapes　aforesaid；if　they　only　had　〃kine；　horses；　and　sheep；〃　he　makes　no　question　but　men　would　live　as　contented　here　as　in　any　part　of　the　world。　　We　cannot　help　admiring　the　way　in　which　they　took　their　trials；　and　made　the　most　of　their　blessings。
  〃And　how　Content　they　were；〃　says　Cotton　Mather；　〃when　an　Honest　Man；　as　I　have　heard；　inviting　his　Friends　to　a　Dish　of　Clams；　at　the　Table　gave　Thanks　to　Heaven；　who　had　given　them　to　suck　the　abundance　of　the　Seas；　and　of　the　Treasures　Aid　in　the　Sands！〃
  Strangely　enough；　as　it　would　seem；　except　for　this　buoyant　determination　to　make　the　best　of　everything；　they　hardly　appear　to　recognize　the　difference　of　the　climate　from　that　which　they　had　left。　　After　almost　three　years'　experience；　Winslow　says；　he　can　scarce　distinguish　New　England　from　Old　England；　in　resp