he　germ　of　innumerable　beneficent　future　medical　reforms。
  I　cannot　help　believing　that　medical　curative　treatment　will　by　and　by　resolve　itself　in　great　measure　into　modifications　of　the　food；　swallowed　and　breathed；　and　of　the　natural　stimuli；　and　that　less　will　be　expected　from　specifics　and　noxious　disturbing　agents；　either　alien　or　assimilable。　　The　noted　mineral…waters　containing　iron；　sulphur；　carbonic　acid；　supply　nutritious　or　stimulating　materials　to　the　body　as　much　as　phosphate　of　lime　and　ammoniacal　compounds　do　to　the　cereal　plants。　　The　effects　of　a　milk　and　vegetable　diet；　of　gluten　bread　in　diabetes；　of　cod…liver　oil　in　phthisis；　even　of　such　audacious　innovations　as　the　water…cure　and　the　grape…cure；　are　only　hints　of　what　will　be　accomplished　when　we　have　learned　to　discover　what　organic　elements　are　deficient　or　in　excess　in　a　case　of　chronic　disease；　and　the　best　way　of　correcting　the　abnormal　condition；　just　as　an　agriculturist　ascertains　the　wants　of　his　crops　and　modifies　the　composition　of　his　soil。　　In　acute　febrile　diseases　we　have　long　ago　discovered　that　far　above　all　drug…medication　is　the　use　of　mild　liquid　diet　in　the　period　of　excitement；　and　of　stimulant　and　nutritious　food　in　that　of　exhaustion。　　Hippocrates　himself　was　as　particular　about　his　barley…ptisan　as　any　Florence　Nightingale　of　our　time　could　be。
  The　generation　to　which　you；　who　are　just　entering　the　profession；　belong；　will　make　a　vast　stride　forward；　as　I　believe；　in　the　direction　of　treatment　by　natural　rather　than　violent　agencies。　　What　is　it　that　makes　the　reputation　of　Sydenham；　as　the　chief　of　English　physicians？　　His　prescriptions　consisted　principally　of　simples。　　An　aperient　or　an　opiate；　a　〃cardiac〃　or　a　tonic；　may　be　commonly　found　in　the　midst　of　a　somewhat　fantastic　miscellany　of　garden　herbs。　　It　was　not　by　his　pharmaceutic　prescriptions　that　he　gained　his　great　name。　　It　was　by　daring　to　order　fresh　air　for　small…pox　patients；　and　riding　on　horseback　for　consumptives；　in　place　of　the　smothering　system；　and　the　noxious　and　often　loathsome　rubbish　of　the　established　schools。　　Of　course　Sydenham　was　much　abused　by　his　contemporaries；　as　he　frequently　takes　occasion　to　remind　his　reader。　〃I　must　needs　conclude；〃　he　says；　〃either　that　I　am　void　of　merit；　or　that　the　candid　and　ingenuous　part　of　mankind；　who　are　formed　with　so　excellent　a　temper　of　mind　as　to　be　no　strangers　to　gratitude；　make　a　very　small　part　of　the　whole。〃　　If　in　the　fearless　pursuit　of　truth　you　should　find　the　world　as　ungracious　in　the　nineteenth　century　as　he　found　it　in　the　seventeenth；　you　may　learn　a　lesson　of　self…　reliance　from　another　utterance　of　the　same　illustrious　physician：　〃'T　is　none　of　my　business　to　inquire　what　other　persons　think；　but　to　establish　my　own　observations；　in　order　to　which；　I　ask　no　favor　of　the　reader　but　to　peruse　my　writings　with　temper。〃
  The　physician　has　learned　a　great　deal　from　the　surgeon；　who　is　naturally　in　advance　of　him；　because　he　has　a　better　opportunity　of　seeing　the　effects　of　his　remedies。　　Let　me　shorten　one　of　Ambroise　Pare's　stories　for　you。　　There　had　been　a　great　victory　at　the　pass　of　Susa；　and　they　were　riding　into　the　city。　　The　wounded　cried　out　as　the　horses　trampled　them　under　their　hoofs；　which　caused　good　Ambroise　great　pity；　and　made　him　wish　himself　back　in　Paris。　　Going　into　a　stable　he　saw　four　dead　soldiers；　and　three　desperately　wounded；　placed　with　their　backs　against　the　wall。　　An　old　campaigner　came　up。　〃Can　these　fellows　get　well？〃　he　said。　　〃No！〃　answered　the　surgeon。　　Thereupon；　the　old　soldier　walked　up　to　them　and　cut　all　their　throats；　sweetly；　and　without　wrath　（doulcement　et　sans　cholere）。　　Ambroise　told　him　he　was　a　bad　man　to　do　such　a　thing。　〃I　hope　to　God；〃　he　said；　〃somebody　will　do　as　much　for　me　if　I　ever　get　into　such　a　scrape〃　（accoustre　de　telle　facon）。　　〃I　was　not　much　salted　in　those　days〃　（bien　doux　de　sel）；　says　Ambroise；　〃and　little　acquainted　with　the　treatment　of　wounds。〃　　However；　as　he　tells　us；　he　proceeded　to　apply　boiling　oil　of　Sambuc　（elder）　after　the　approved　fashion　of　the　time；with　what　torture　to　the　patient　may　be　guessed。　　At　last　his　precious　oil　gave　out；　and　he　used　instead　an　insignificant　mixture　of　his　own　contrivance。　　He　could　not　sleep　that　night　for　fear　his　patients　who　had　not　been　scalded　with　the　boiling　oil　would　be　poisoned　by　the　gunpowder　conveyed　into　their　wounds　by　the　balls。　　To　his　surprise；　he　found　them　much　better　than　the　others　the　next　morning；　and　resolved　never　again　to　burn　his　patients　with　hot　oil　for　gun…shot　wounds。
  This　was　the　beginning；　as　nearly　as　we　can　fix　it；　of　that　reform　which　has　introduced　plain　water…dressings　in　the　place　of　the　farrago　of　external　applications　which　had　been　a　source　of　profit　to　apothecaries　and　disgrace　to　art　from；　and　before；　the　time　when　Pliny　complained　of　them。　　A　young　surgeon　who　was　at　Sudley　Church；　laboring　among　the　wounded　of　Bull　Run；　tells　me　they　had　nothing　but　water　for　dressing；　and　he　（being　also　doux　de　sel）　was　astonished　to　see　how　well　the　wounds　did　under　that　simple　treatment。
  Let　me　here　mention　a　fact　or　two　which　may　be　of　use　to　some　of　you　who　mean　to　enter　the　public　service。　　You　will；　as　it　seems；　have　gun…shot　wounds　almost　exclusively　to　deal　with。　　Three　different　surgeons；　the　one　just　mentioned　and　two　who　saw　the　wounded　of　Big　Bethel；　assured　me　that　they　found　no　sabre…cuts　or　bayonet　wounds。　It　is　the　rifle…bullet　from　a　safe　distance　which　pierces　the　breasts　of　our　soldiers；　and　not　the　gallant　charge　of　broad　platoons　and　sweeping　squadrons；　such　as　we　have　been　in　the　habit　of　considering　the　chosen　mode　of　warfare　of　ancient　and　modern　chivalry。　＇Sir　Charles　James　Napier　had　the　same　experience　in　Virginia　in　1813。　〃Potomac。　　We　have　nasty　sort　of　fighting　here；　amongst　creeks　and　bushes；　and　lose　men　without　show。〃　　〃Yankee　never　shows　himself；　he　keeps　in　the　thickest　wood；　fires　and　runs　off。〃　These　five　thousand　in　the　open　field　might　be　attacked；　but　behind　works　it　would　be　throwing　away　lives。〃　　He　calls　it　〃an　inglorious　warfare；〃　says　one　of　the　leaders　is　〃a　little　deficient　in　gumption；〃but　still　my　opinion　is；　that　if　we　tuck　up　our　sleeves　and　lay　our　ears　back　we　might　thrash　them；　that　is；　if　we　caught　them　out　of　their　trees；　so　as　to　slap　at　them　with　the　bayonet。〃　Life；　etc。　vol。　　i。　　p。　　218　et　seq。＇
  Another　fact　parallels　the　story　of　the　old　campaigner；　and　may　teach　some　of　you　caution　in　selecting　your　assistants。　　A　chaplain　told　it　to　two　of　our　officers　personally　known　to　myself。　　He　overheard　the　examination　of　a　man　who　wished　to　drive　one　of　the　〃avalanche〃　wagons；　as　they　call　them。　　The　man　was　asked　if　he　knew　how　to　deal　with　wounded　men。　　〃Oh　yes；〃　he　answered；　〃if　they're　hit　here；〃　pointing　to　the　abdomen；　〃knock　'em　on　the　head；they　can't　get　well。〃
  In　art　and　outside　of　it　you　will　meet　the　same　barbarisms　that　Ambroise　Pare　met　with；for　men　differ　less　from　century　to　century　than　we　are　apt　to　suppose；　you　will　encounter　the　same　opposition；　if　you　attack　any　prevailing　opinion；　that　Sydenham　complained　of。　So　far　as　possible；　let　not　such　experiences　breed　in　you　a　contempt　for　those　who　are　the　subjects　of　folly　or　prejudice；　or　foster　any　love　of　dispute　for　its　own　sake。　　Should　you　become　authors；　express　your　opinions　freely；　defend　them　rarely。　　It　is　not　often　that　an　opinion　is　worth　expressing；　which　cannot　take　care　of　itself。　Opposition　is　the　best　mordant　to　fix　the　color　of　your　thought　in　the　general　belief。
  It　is　time　to　bring　these　crowded　remarks　to　a　close。　　The　day　has　been　when　at　the　beginning　of　a　course　of　Lectures　I　should　have　thought　it　fitting　to　exhort　you　to　diligence　and　entire　devotion　to　your　tasks　as　students。　　It　is　not　so　now。　　The　young　man　who　has　not　heard　the　clarion…voices　of　honor　and　of　duty　now　sounding　throughout　the　land；　will　heed　no　word　of　mine。　　In　the　camp　or　the　city；　in　the　field　or　the　hospital；　under　sheltering　roof；　or　half…protecting　canvas；　or　open　sky；　shedding　our　own　blood　or　stanching　that　of　our　wounded　defenders；　students　or　teachers；　whatever　our　calling　and　our　ability；　we　belong；　not　to　ourselves；　but　to　our　imperilled　country；　whose　danger　is　our　calamity；　whose　ruin　would　be　our　enslavement；　whose　rescue　shall　be　our　earthly　salvation！
  SCHOLASTIC　AND　BEDSIDE　TEACHING。
  An　Introductory　Lecture　delivered　before　the　Medical　Class　of　Harvard　University；　November　6；　1867。
  The　idea　is　entertained　by　some　of　our　most　sincere　professional　brethren；　that　to　lengthen　and　multiply　our　Winter　Lectures　will　be　of　necessity　to　advance　the　cause　of　medical　education。　　It　is　a　fair　subject　for　consideration　whether　they　do　not　overrate　the　relative　importance　of　that　particular　mode　of　instruction　which　forms　the　larger　part　of　these　courses。
  As　this　School　could　only　lengthen　its　lecture　term　at　the　expense　of　its　〃Summer　Session；〃　in　which　more　direct；　personal；　and　familiar　teaching　takes　the　place　of　our　academic　discourses；　and　in　which　more　time　can　be　given　to　hospitals；　infirmaries；　and　practical　instruction　in　various　important　specialties；　whatever　might　be　gained；　a　good　deal　would　certainly