第 24 节
作者:爱之冰点      更新:2021-02-19 17:04      字数:9320
  big federations which these go to compose aggregate millions of members;
  and   in   their   various   branches   handle   millions   of   dollars   yearly。 And   not
  only this; for the international brotherhoods and unions are forming; and
  moneys   for   the   aid   of   strikers   pass   back   and   forth   across   the   seas。   The
  Machinists; in their demand for a nine… hour day; affected 500;000 men in
  the   United   States;   Mexico;   and   Canada。   In   England   the   membership   of
  working…class organizations is approximated by Keir Hardie at 2;500;000;
  with reserve funds of 18;000;000。 There the cooperative movement has a
  membership of 1;500;000; and every year turns over in distribution more
  than   100;000;000。   In   France;   one…eighth   of   the   whole   working   class   is
  unionized。 In Belgium the unions are very rich and powerful; and so able
  to   defy   the   masters   that   many   of   the   smaller   manufacturers;   unable   to
  resist; 〃are removing their works to other countries where the workmen's
  organizations are not so potential。〃 And in all other countries; according to
  the stage of their economic and political development; like figures obtain。
  And Europe; today; confesses that her greatest social problem is the labor
  problem; and that it is the one most closely engrossing the attention of her
  statesmen。
  The organization of labor is one of the chief acknowledged factors in
  the    retrogression      of   British    trade。   The    workers     have     become      class
  conscious   as   never   before。   The   wrong   of   one   is   the   wrong   of   all。   They
  have come to realize; in a short…sighted way; that their masters' interests
  are not their interests。 The harder they work; they believe; the more wealth
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  they create for their masters。 Further; the more work they do in one day;
  the fewer men will be needed to do the work。 So the unions place a day's
  stint upon their members; beyond which they are not permitted to go。 In
  〃A   Study   of   Trade   Unionism;〃   by   Benjamin   Taylor   in   the   〃Nineteenth
  Century〃   of   April;   1898;   are   furnished   some   interesting   corroborations。
  The   facts   here   set   forth   were   collected   by   the   Executive   Board   of   the
  Employers' Federation; the documentary proofs of which are in the hands
  of    the  secretaries。    In   a  certain   firm    the  union    workmen       made     eight
  ammunition boxes a day。 Nor could they be persuaded into making more。
  A young Swiss; who could not speak English; was set to work; and in the
  first   day   he   made   fifty   boxes。   In   the   same   firm   the   skilled   union   hands
  filed up the outside handles of one machine… gun a day。 That was their stint。
  No one was known ever to do more。 A non…union filer came into the shop
  and did twelve a day。 A Manchester firm found that to plane a large bed…
  casting took union workmen one hundred and ninety hours; and non…union
  workmen   one   hundred   and   thirty…five   hours。   In   another   instance   a   man;
  resigning from his union; day by day did double the amount of work he
  had done formerly。 And to cap it all; an English gentleman; going out to
  look   at   a   wall   being   put   up   for   him   by   union   bricklayers;   found   one   of
  their number with his right arm strapped to his body; doing all the work
  with his left arm …forsooth; because he was such an energetic fellow that
  otherwise he would involuntarily lay more bricks than his union permitted。
  All England resounds to the cry; 〃Wake up; England!〃 But the sulky
  giant is not stirred。 〃Let England's trade go to pot;〃 he says; 〃what have I
  to   lose?〃   And   England   is   powerless。   The   capacity   of   her   workmen   is
  represented by  1;  in   comparison   with   the 2。25   capacity  of   the American
  workman。 And because of the solidarity of labor and the destructiveness of
  strikes; British capitalists dare not even strive to emulate the enterprise of
  American       capitalists。    So   England     watches     trade   slipping    through     her
  fingers and wails unavailingly。 As a correspondent writes: 〃The enormous
  power of the trade unions hangs; a sullen cloud; over the whole industrial
  world here; affecting men and masters alike。〃
  The   political   movement   known   as   Socialism   is;   perhaps;   even   less
  realized   by   the   general   public。   The   great   strides   it   has   taken   and    the
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  portentous   front   it   today   exhibits   are   not   comprehended;   and;   fastened
  though it is in every land; it is given little space by the capitalistic press。
  For all its plea and passion and warmth; it wells upward like a great; cold
  tidal wave; irresistible; inexorable; ingulfing present…day society level by
  level。 By its own preachment it is inexorable。 Just as societies have sprung
  into existence; fulfilled their function; and passed away; it claims; just as
  surely is present society hastening on to its dissolution。 This is a transition
  periodand       destined     to   be   a   very   short    one。    Barely    a   century     old;
  capitalism   is   ripening   so   rapidly   that   it   can   never   live   to   see   a   second
  birthday。 There is no hope for it; the Socialists say。 It is doomed。
  The     cardinal     tenet    of   Socialism      is  that   forbidding      doctrine;     the
  materialistic conception of history。 Men are not the masters of their souls。
  They   are   the   puppets   of   great;   blind   forces。   The   lives   they   live   and   the
  deaths   they   die   are   compulsory。 All   social   codes   are   but   the   reflexes   of
  existing     economic       conditions;     plus   certain    survivals     of  past   economic
  conditions。       The    institutions     men    build    they    are   compelled       to  build。
  Economic laws determine at any given time what these institutions shall
  be; how long they shall operate; and by what they shall be replaced。 And
  so; through   the   economic   process; the   Socialist   preaches   the   ripening   of
  the capitalistic society and the coming of the new cooperative society。
  The second great tenet of Socialism; itself a phase of the materialistic
  conception       of   history;   is  the   class   struggle。    In   the  social    struggle    for
  existence; men are forced into classes。 〃The history of all society thus far
  is the history of class strife。〃 In existing society the capitalist class exploits
  the working class; the proletariat。 The interests of the exploiter are not the
  interests of the exploited。 〃Profits are legitimate;〃 says the one。 〃Profits are
  unpaid   wages;〃   replies   the   other;   when   he   has   become   conscious   of   his
  class;   〃therefore   profits   are   robbery。〃   The   capitalist   enforces   his   profits
  because   he   is   the   legal   owner  of   all   the   means   of   production。   He   is   the
  legal   owner   because   he   controls   the   political   machinery   of   society。   The
  Socialist sets   to   work   to   capture  the  political   machinery;  so   that he   may
  make   illegal   the   capitalist's   ownership   of   the   means   of   production;   and
  make legal his own ownership of the means of production。 And it is this
  struggle;   between   these   two   classes;   upon   which   the   world   has   at   last
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  entered。
  Scientific Socialism is very young。 Only yesterday it was in swaddling
  clothes。 But today it is a vigorous young giant; well braced to battle for
  what     it  wants;    and    knowing      precisely     what    it  wants。    It  holds    its
  international      conventions;     where     world…policies     are   formulated     by   the
  representatives of millions of Socialists。 In little Belgium there are three…
  quarters     of  a  million    of   men    who    work    for  the   cause;    in  Germany;
  3;000;000; Austria; between 1895 and 1897; raised her socialist vote from
  90;000 to   750;000。   France   in   1871   had   a   whole   generation   of   Socialists
  wiped out; yet in 1885 there were 30;000; and in 1898; 1;000;000。
  Ere    the  last   Spaniard    had    evacuated     Cuba;    Socialist    groups    were
  forming。 And from far Japan; in these first days of the twentieth century;
  writes one Tomoyoshi Murai: 〃The interest of our people on Socialism has
  been greatly awakened these days; especially among our laboring people
  on one hand and