第 23 节
作者:爱之冰点      更新:2021-02-19 17:04      字数:9320
  suffices。
  It   is   only  now   and   then;   after   long   periods   of   silence;   that   the   labor
  movement   puts   in   its   claim   for   notice。 All   is   quiet。   The   kind   old   world
  spins     on;   and    the    bourgeois      masters     clip   their   coupons      in   smug
  complacency。 But the grim and silent forces are at work。
  Suddenly; like a clap of thunder from a clear sky; comes a disruption
  of industry。 From ocean to ocean the wheels of a great chain of railroads
  cease to run。 A quarter of a million miners throw down pick and shovel
  and outrage the sun with their pale; bleached faces。 The street railways of
  a   swarming   metropolis   stand   idle;   or   the   rumble   of   machinery   in   vast
  manufactories dies away to silence。 There is alarm and panic。 Arson and
  homicide   stalk   forth。   There   is   a   cry   in   the   night;   and   quick   anger   and
  sudden death。 Peaceful cities are affrighted by the crack of rifles and the
  snarl of machine…guns; and the hearts of the shuddering are shaken by the
  roar of dynamite。 There is hurrying and skurrying。 The wires are kept hot
  between the   centre of government and   the seat   of trouble。 The chiefs of
  state ponder gravely and advise; and governors of states implore。 There is
  assembling of militia and massing of troops; and the streets resound to the
  tramp of armed men。 There are separate and joint conferences between the
  captains of industry and the captains of labor。 And then; finally; all is quiet
  again; and the memory of it is like the memory of a bad dream。
  But these strikes become olympiads; things to date from; and common
  on the lips of men become such phrases as 〃The Great Dock Strike;〃 〃The
  Great Coal Strike;〃 〃The Great Railroad Strike。〃 Never before did labor do
  these   things。  After   the   Great   Plague   in   England;   labor;   finding   itself   in
  demand   and   innocently   obeying   the   economic   law;   asked   higher   wages。
  But     the  masters     set   a  maximum        wage;    restrained     workingmen        from
  moving about from place to place; refused to tolerate idlers; and by most
  barbarous      legal   methods      punished     those   who     disobeyed。     But   labor    is
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  accorded   greater   respect   today。   Such   a   policy;   put   into   effect   in   this   the
  first decade of the twentieth century; would sweep the masters from their
  seats in one mighty crash。 And the masters know it and are respectful。
  A  fair   instance   of   the   growing   solidarity   of   labor   is   afforded   by   an
  unimportant       recent   strike   in  San   Francisco。     The   restaurant    cooks    and
  waiters   were   completely   unorganized;   working   at   any   and   all   hours   for
  whatever       wages     they   could    get。   A   representative      of   the   American
  Federation of Labor went among them and organized them。 Within a few
  weeks nearly two thousand men were enrolled; and they had five thousand
  dollars on deposit。 Then they put in their demand for increased wages and
  shorter     hours。   Forthwith     their  employers      organized。     The    demand     was
  denied; and the Cooks' and Waiters' Union walked out。
  All    organized     employers     stood    back    of  the   restaurant    owners;    in
  sympathy with them and willing to aid them if they dared。 And at the back
  of   the   Cooks'   and   Waiters'   Union   stood   the   organized   labor   of   the   city;
  40;000     strong。    If  a  business    man    was   caught    patronizing     an   〃unfair〃
  restaurant;   he   was   boycotted;   if   a   union   man   was   caught;   he   was   fined
  heavily by his union or expelled。 The oyster companies and the slaughter
  houses     made     an  attempt    to   refuse   to  sell  oysters    and   meat    to  union
  restaurants。     The    Butchers      and   Meat     Cutters;    and   the   Teamsters;     in
  retaliation;   refused   to   work   for   or   to   deliver   to   non…union   restaurants。
  Upon      this  the   oyster   companies       and   slaughter    houses     acknowledged
  themselves beaten and peace reigned。 But the Restaurant Bakers in non…
  union places were ordered out; and the Bakery Wagon Drivers declined to
  deliver to unfair houses。
  Every American Federation of Labor union in the city was prepared to
  strike; and waited only the word。 And behind all; a handful of men; known
  as the Labor Council; directed the fight。 One by one; blow upon blow; they
  were able if they deemed it necessary to call out the unionsthe Laundry
  Workers; who do the washing; the Hackmen; who haul men to and from
  restaurants; the   Butchers;   Meat   Cutters; and Teamsters;   and   the   Milkers;
  Milk Drivers; and Chicken Pickers; and after that; in pure sympathy; the
  Retail Clerks; the Horse Shoers; the Gas and Electrical Fixture Hangers;
  the    Metal     Roofers;     the   Blacksmiths;      the   Blacksmiths'      Helpers;     the
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  Stablemen; the Machinists; the Brewers; the Coast Seamen; the Varnishers
  and Polishers; the Confectioners; the Upholsterers; the Paper Hangers and
  Fresco     Painters;   the   Drug    Clerks;    the  Fitters   and   Helpers;    the   Metal
  Workers;      the   Boiler    Makers     and    Iron   Ship    Builders;     the  Assistant
  Undertakers;       the  Carriage     and   Wagon     Workers;     and   so   on  down     the
  lengthy list of organizations。
  For; over all these trades; over all these thousands of men; is the Labor
  Council。 When it speaks its voice is heard; and when it orders it is obeyed。
  But it; in turn; is dominated by the National Labor Council; with which it
  is constantly in touch。 In this wholly unimportant little local strike it is of
  interest    to   note   the   stands    taken   by    the  different    sides。   The    legal
  representative and official mouthpiece of the Employers' Association said:
  〃This organization is formed for defensive purposes; and it may be driven
  to take offensive steps; and if so; will be strong enough to follow them up。
  Labor cannot be allowed to dictate to capital and say how business shall
  be conducted。 There is no objection to the formation of unions and trades
  councils; but membership must not be compulsory。 It is repugnant to the
  American idea of liberty and cannot be tolerated。〃
  On the other hand; the president of the Team Drivers' Union said: 〃The
  employers       of  labor   in  this  city   are  generally     against   the   trade…union
  movement and there seems to be a concerted effort on their part to check
  the progress of organized labor。 Such action as has been taken by them in
  sympathy   with   the   present   labor   troubles   may;   if   continued;   lead   to   a
  serious conflict; the outcome of which might be most calamitous for the
  business and industrial interests of San Francisco。〃
  And     the  secretary    of   the  United     Brewery     Workmen:       〃I  regard   a
  sympathetic strike as the last weapon which organized labor should use in
  its   defence。   When;   however;   associations   of   employers   band   together   to
  defeat organized labor; or one of its branches; then we should not and will
  not hesitate ourselves to employ the same instrument in retaliation。〃
  Thus;    in   a  little  corner   of  the  world;    is  exemplified     the   growing
  solidarity of labor。 The organization of labor has not only kept pace with
  the organization of industry; but it has gained upon it。 In one winter; in the
  anthracite     coal   region;    160;000;000       in   mines    and   600;000;000        in
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  transportation and distribution consolidated its ownership and control。 And
  at once; arrayed as solidly on the other side; were the 150;000 anthracite
  miners。   The   bituminous   mines;   however;   were   not   consolidated;   yet   the
  250;000 men employed therein were already combined。 And not only that;
  but   they   were   also   combined   with   the   anthracite   miners;   these   400;000
  men being under the control and direction of one supreme labor council。
  And in this and the other great councils are to be found captains of labor
  of   splendid   abilities;   who;   in   understanding   of   economic   and   industrial
  conditions; are undeniably  the   equals   of their opponents; the   captains of
  industry。
  The United States is honeycombed with labor organizations。 And the
  big federations which these go to compose agg