第 9 节
作者:爱之冰点      更新:2021-02-19 17:04      字数:9320
  Failure   is   writ   large;   and   in   their   wretchedness   they   bear   the   stamp   of
  social   disapprobation。   Common   work;   any   kind   of   work;   wherever                 or
  however they can obtain it; is their portion。
  But   these   hereditary   inefficients   do   not   alone   compose   the   surplus
  labor army。 There are the skilled but unsteady and unreliable men; and the
  old men; once skilled; but; with dwindling powers; no longer skilled。 {3}
  And there  are good   men;  too;  splendidly  skilled   and   efficient;  but   thrust
  out   of   the   employment   of   dying   or   disaster…   smitten   industries。   In   this
  connection it is not out of place to note the misfortune of the workers in
  the   British   iron   trades;   who   are   suffering   because   of American   inroads。
  And; last of all; are the unskilled laborers; the hewers of wood and drawers
  of    water;   the   ditch…diggers;     the   men    of   pick   and   shovel;    the   helpers;
  lumpers; roustabouts。 If trade is slack on a seacoast of two thousand miles;
  or the harvests are light in a great interior valley; myriads of these laborers
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  lie   idle;  or   make    life  miserable   for    their   fellows   in   kindred    unskilled
  employments。
  A constant filtration goes on in the working world; and good material
  is   continually   drawn   from   the   surplus   labor   army。   Strikes   and   industrial
  dislocations shake up the workers; bring good men to the surface and sink
  men as good or not so good。 The hope of the skilled striker is in that the
  scabs are less skilled; or less capable of becoming skilled; yet each strike
  attests to the efficiency that lurks beneath。 After the Pullman strike; a few
  thousand   railroad   men   were   chagrined   to   find   the   work   they   had   flung
  down taken up by men as good as themselves。
  But one thing   must be considered   here。 Under the present system;  if
  the weakest and least   fit were as strong   and fit as the best; and the   best
  were correspondingly stronger and fitter; the same condition would obtain。
  There   would   be   the   same   army   of   employed   labor;   the   same   army   of
  surplus labor。 The whole thing is relative。 There is no absolute standard of
  efficiency。
  Comes   now   the   tramp。  And   all   conclusions   may   be   anticipated   by
  saying at once that he is a tramp because some one has to be a tramp。 If he
  left   the   〃road〃    and   became     a  VERY   efficient       common       laborer;   some
  ORDINARILY  EFFICIENT   common   laborer   would   have   to   take   to   the
  〃road。〃 The nooks and crannies are crowded by the surplus laborers; and
  when the first snow flies; and the tramps are driven into the cities; things
  become overcrowded and stringent police regulations are necessary。
  The   tramp   is   one   of   two   kinds   of   men:   he   is   either   a   discouraged
  worker      or   a  discouraged       criminal。    Now     a   discouraged      criminal;     on
  investigation;   proves   to   be   a   discouraged   worker;   or   the   descendant   of
  discouraged        workers;     so   that;   in  the    last  analysis;    the    tramp    is  a
  discouraged   worker。   Since   there   is   not   work   for   all;   discouragement   for
  some   is   unavoidable。       How;   then;   does     this   process   of   discouragement
  operate?
  The     lower    the  employment        in  the   industrial    scale;  the   harder    the
  conditions。   The   finer;   the   more   delicate;   the   more   skilled   the   trade;   the
  higher is it lifted above the struggle。 There is less pressure; less sordidness;
  less savagery。 There are fewer glass… blowers proportionate to the needs of
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  the glass…blowing industry than there are ditch…diggers proportionate to the
  needs   of   the   ditch…digging   industry。 And   not   only   this;   for   it   requires   a
  glass… blower to take the place of a striking glass…blower; while any kind
  of   a   striker   or   out…of…work   can   take   the   place   of   a   ditch…digger。   So   the
  skilled trades are more independent; have more individuality and latitude。
  They   may   confer   with   their   masters;   make   demands;   assert   themselves。
  The unskilled laborers; on the other hand; have no voice in their affairs。
  The settlement of terms is none of their business。 〃Free contract〃 is all that
  remains   to   them。   They   may   take   what   is   offered;   or   leave   it。   There   are
  plenty  more   of   their   kind。 They  do   not   count。 They  are   members   of   the
  surplus labor army; and must be content with a hand…to…mouth existence。
  The reward is likewise proportioned。 The strong; fit worker in a skilled
  trade; where there is little labor pressure; is well compensated。 He is a king
  compared   with   his   less   fortunate   brothers   in   the   unskilled   occupations
  where the labor pressure is great。 The mediocre worker not only is forced
  to   be   idle   a   large   portion   of   the   time;   but   when   employed   is   forced   to
  accept a pittance。 A dollar a day on some days and nothing on other days
  will hardly support a man and wife and send children to school。 And not
  only do the masters bear heavily upon him; and his own kind struggle for
  the morsel at his mouth; but all skilled and organized labor adds to his woe。
  Union   men   do   not   scab   on   one   another;   but   in   strikes;   or   when   work   is
  slack; it is considered 〃fair〃 for them to descend and take away the work
  of the common laborers。 And take it away they do; for; as a matter of fact;
  a   well…fed;   ambitious   machinist   or   a   core…maker   will   transiently   shovel
  coal better than an ill…fed; spiritless laborer。
  Thus there is no encouragement for the unfit; inefficient; and mediocre。
  Their very inefficiency and mediocrity  make them helpless as cattle and
  add to their misery。 And the whole tendency for such is downward; until;
  at the bottom of the social pit; they are wretched; inarticulate beasts; living
  like beasts; breeding like beasts; dying like beasts。 And how do they fare;
  these creatures born mediocre; whose heritage is neither brains nor brawn
  nor    endurance?       They    are   sweated     in  the   slums    in  an   atmosphere       of
  discouragement          and   despair。    There     is  no    strength    in   weakness;      no
  encouragement         in   foul   air;  vile  food;   and    dank    dens。   They    are   there
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  because they are so made that they are not fit to be higher up; but filth and
  obscenity do not strengthen the neck; nor does chronic emptiness of belly
  stiffen the back。
  For the mediocre there is no hope。 Mediocrity is a sin。 Poverty is the
  penalty of failure;poverty; from whose loins spring the criminal and the
  tramp;   both   failures;   both   discouraged   workers。   Poverty   is   the   inferno
  where ignorance festers and vice corrodes; and where the physical; mental;
  and moral parts of nature are aborted and denied。
  That the charge of rashness in splashing the picture be not incurred; let
  the   following   authoritative   evidence   be   considered:   first;   the   work   and
  wages of mediocrity and inefficiency; and; second; the habitat:
  The New York Sun of February 28; 1901; describes the opening of a
  factory in New York City by the American Tobacco Company。 Cheroots
  were to be made in this factory in competition with other factories which
  refused   to   be   absorbed   by   the   trust。   The   trust   advertised   for   girls。   The
  crowd   of   men   and   boys   who   wanted   work   was   so   great   in   front   of   the
  building that the police were forced with their clubs to clear them away。
  The wage paid the girls was 2。50 per week; sixty cents of which went for
  car fare。 {4}
  Miss   Nellie   Mason   Auten;   a   graduate   student   of   the   department   of
  sociology      at   the   University     of   Chicago;     recently    made     a   thorough
  investigation of the garment trades of Chicago。 Her figures were published
  in   the   American      Journal    of  Sociology;     and    commented       upon    by   the
  Literary   Digest。   She   found   women   working   ten   hours   a   day;   six   days   a
  week;   for   forty   cents   per   week   (a   rate   of   two…thirds   of   a   cent   an   hour)。
  Many women earned less than a dollar a week; and none of