第 7 节
作者:爱之冰点      更新:2021-02-19 17:04      字数:9320
  must   have   still   more   stringent   reasons   for   succeeding。   This   being   so;   it
  should be of interest to inquire into these reasons; to attempt to discover
  why the nameless and homeless vagrant sets at naught the right arm of the
  corporate power of our great cities; why all that is weak and worthless is
  stronger than all that is strong and of value。
  Mr。 O'Neil is a man of wide experience on the subject of tramps。 He
  may  be   called   a   specialist。 As   he   says   of   himself:   〃As   an   old…time   desk
  sergeant   and   police   captain;   I   have   had   almost   unlimited   opportunity   to
  study and analyze this class of floating population; which seeks the city in
  winter   and   scatters   abroad   through   the   country   in   the   spring。〃   He   then
  continues: 〃This experience reiterated the lesson that the vast majority of
  these wanderers are of the class with whom a life of vagrancy is a chosen
  means of living without work。〃 Not only is it to be inferred from this that
  there is a large class in society which lives without work; for Mr。 O'Neil's
  testimony further shows that this class is forced to live without work。
  He says: 〃I have been astonished at the multitude of those who have
  unfortunately      engaged     in  occupations      which    practically    force   them   to
  become loafers for at least a third of the year。 And it is from this class that
  the tramps are largely recruited。 I recall a certain winter when it seemed to
  me that a large portion of the inhabitants of Chicago belonged to this army
  of unfortunates。 I was stationed at a police station not far from where an
  ice   harvest   was   ready   for   the   cutters。   The   ice   company   advertised   for
  helpers; and the very night this call appeared in the newspapers our station
  was packed with homeless men; who asked shelter in order to be at hand
  for the morning's work。 Every foot of floor space was given over to these
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  lodgers and scores were still unaccommodated。〃
  And again: 〃And it must be confessed that the man who is willing to
  do honest labor for food and shelter is a rare specimen in this vast army of
  shabby and tattered wanderers who seek the warmth of the city with the
  coming of the first snow。〃 Taking into consideration the crowd of honest
  laborers that swamped   Mr。  O'Neil's   station…house  on   the  way  to   the   ice…
  cutting; it is patent; if all tramps were looking for honest labor instead of a
  small   minority;     that   the   honest   laborers   would   have   a    far   harder   task
  finding something honest to do for food and shelter。 If the opinion of the
  honest laborers who swamped Mr。 O'Neil's station…house were asked; one
  could rest confident that each and every man would express a preference
  for fewer honest laborers on the morrow when he asked the ice foreman
  for a job。
  And;   finally;   Mr。   O'Neil   says:   〃The   humane   and   generous   treatment
  which this city has accorded the great army of homeless unfortunates has
  made it the victim of wholesale imposition; and this well… intended policy
  of kindness has resulted in making Chicago the winter Mecca of a vast and
  undesirable floating population。〃 That is to say; because of her kindness;
  Chicago had more than her fair share of tramps; because she was humane
  and    generous     she   suffered    whole…sale     imposition。     From    this   we   must
  conclude   that   it   does   not   do   to   be   HUMANE   and   GENEROUS   to   our
  fellow…menwhen they are tramps。 Mr。 O'Neil is right; and that this is no
  sophism it is the intention of this article; among other things; to show。
  In   a   general   way   we   may   draw   the   following   inferences   from   the
  remarks   of   Mr。  O'Neil: (1) The   tramp   is   stronger than organized   society
  and cannot be put down; (2) The tramp is 〃shabby;〃 〃tattered;〃 〃homeless;〃
  〃unfortunate〃; (3) There is a 〃vast〃 number of tramps; (4) Very few tramps
  are   willing   to   do   honest   work;   (5)   Those   tramps   who   are   willing   to   do
  honest work have to hunt very hard to find it; (6) The tramp is undesirable。
  To   this   last   let   the   contention   be   appended   that   the   tramp   is   only
  PERSONALLY undesirable; that he is NEGATIVELY desirable; that the
  function he performs in society is a negative function; and that he is the
  by…product of economic necessity。
  It   is   very  easy   to   demonstrate   that   there   are   more   men   than   there   is
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  work   for   men   to   do。   For   instance;   what   would   happen   tomorrow   if   one
  hundred       thousand     tramps     should     become      suddenly      inspired    with    an
  overmastering   desire   for   work?          It   is   a   fair   question。   〃Go   to   work〃   is
  preached to the tramp every day of his life。 The judge on the bench; the
  pedestrian   in   the   street;   the   housewife   at   the   kitchen   door;   all   unite   in
  advising   him   to   go   to   work。   So   what   would   happen   tomorrow   if   one
  hundred      thousand      tramps    acted    upon    this  advice    and    strenuously     and
  indomitably   sought   work?   Why;   by   the   end   of   the   week   one   hundred
  thousand   workers;   their   places   taken   by   the   tramps;   would   receive   their
  time and be 〃hitting the road〃 for a job。
  Ella Wheeler Wilcox unwittingly and uncomfortably demonstrated the
  disparity between men and work。 {1} She made a casual reference; in a
  newspaper column she conducts; to the difficulty two business men found
  in obtaining good employees。 The first morning mail brought her seventy…
  five applications for the position; and at the end of two weeks over two
  hundred people had applied。
  Still more strikingly was the same proposition recently demonstrated
  in   San   Francisco。 A  sympathetic   strike   called   out   a   whole   federation   of
  trades' unions。 Thousands of men; in many branches of trade; quit work;
  draymen; sand teamsters; porters and packers; longshoremen; stevedores;
  warehousemen;   stationary   engineers;   sailors;   marine   firemen;   stewards;
  sea…cooks;   and   so   forth;an   interminable   list。   It   was   a   strike   of   large
  proportions。 Every Pacific coast shipping city was involved; and the entire
  coasting service;  from San   Diego   to Puget   Sound;  was virtually  tied up。
  The     time   was    considered     auspicious。     The    Philippines     and    Alaska    had
  drained the Pacific coast of surplus labor。 It was summer…time; when the
  agricultural   demand   for   laborers   was   at   its   height;   and   when   the   cities
  were bare of their floating populations。 And yet there remained a body of
  surplus labor sufficient to take the places of the strikers。 No matter what
  occupation;        sea…cook       or    stationary      engineer;       sand     teamster      or
  warehouseman;   in   every   case   there   was   an   idle   worker   ready   to   do   the
  work。 And not only ready but anxious。 They fought for a chance to work。
  Men were killed; hundreds of heads were broken; the hospitals were filled
  with   injured   men;   and   thousands   of   assaults   were   committed。   And   still
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  surplus laborers; 〃scabs;〃 came forward to replace the strikers。
  The   question   arises:   WHENCE   CAME   THIS   SECOND  ARMY   OF
  WORKERS TO REPLACE THE FIRST ARMY? One thing is certain: the
  trades'   unions   did   not   scab   on   one   another。 Another   thing   is   certain:   no
  industry   on   the   Pacific   slope   was   crippled   in   the   slightest   degree   by   its
  workers being drawn away to fill the places of the strikers。 A third thing is
  certain: the agricultural workers did not flock to the cities to replace the
  strikers。 In this last instance it is worth while to note that the agricultural
  laborers wailed to High Heaven when a few of the strikers went into the
  country  to   compete   with   them  in   unskilled   employments。   So   there is   no
  accounting for this second army of workers。 It simply was。 It was there all
  this   time;   a   surplus   labor   army   in   the   year   of   our   Lord   1901;   a   year
  adjudged most prosperous in the annals of the United States。 {2}
  The     existence    of   the   surplus    labor   army     being    established;     there
  remains   to   be   established   the   economic   necessity   for   the   surplus   labor