In　character　the　Malay　is　impassive。　He　exhibits　a　reserve；　diffidence；　and　even　bashfulness；　which　is　in　some　degree　attractive；　and　leads　the　observer　to　thinly　that　the　ferocious　and　bloodthirsty　character　imputed　to　the　race　must　be　grossly　exaggerated。　He　is　not　demonstrative。　His　feelings　of　surprise；　admiration；　or　fear；　are　never　openly　manifested；　and　are　probably　not　strongly　felt。　He　is　slow　and　deliberate　in　speech；　and　circuitous　in　introducing　the　subject　he　has　come　expressly　to　discuss。　These　are　the　main　features　of　his　moral　nature；　and　exhibit　themselves　in　every　action　of　his　life。
  Children　and　women　are　timid；　and　scream　and　run　at　the　unexpected　sight　of　a　European。　In　the　company　of　men　they　are　silent；　and　are　generally　quiet　and　obedient。　When　alone　the　Malay　is　taciturn；　he　neither　talks　nor　sings　to　himself。　When　several　are　paddling　in　a　canoe；　they　occasionally　chant　a　monotonous　and　plaintive　song。　He　is　cautious　of　giving　offence　to　his　equals。　He　does　not　quarrel　easily　about　money　matters；　dislikes　asking　too　frequently　even　for　payment　of　his　just　debts；　and　will　often　give　them　up　altogether　rather　than　quarrel　with　his　debtor。　Practical　joking　is　utterly　repugnant　to　his　disposition；　for　he　is　particularly　sensitive　to　breaches　of　etiquette；　or　any　interference　with　the　personal　liberty　of　himself　or　another。　As　an　example；　I　may　mention　that　I　have　often　found　it　very　difficult　to　get　one　Malay　servant　to　waken　another。　He　will　call　as　loud　as　he　can；　but　will　hardly　touch；　much　less　shake　his　comrade。　I　have　frequently　had　to　waken　a　hard　sleeper　myself　when　on　a　land　or　sea　journey。
  The　higher　classes　of　Malays　are　exceedingly　polite；　and　have　all　the　quiet　ease　and　dignity　of　the　best…bred　Europeans。　Yet　this　is　compatible　with　a　reckless　cruelty　and　contempt　of　human　life；　which　is　the　dark　side　of　their　character。　It　is　not　to　be　wondered　at；　therefore；　that　different　persons　give　totally　opposite　accounts　of　themone　praising　them　for　their　soberness；　civility；　and　good…nature；　another　abusing　them　for　their　deceit；　treachery；　and　cruelty。　The　old　traveller　Nicolo　Conti；　writing　in　1430；　says：　〃The　inhabitants　of　Java　and　Sumatra　exceed　every　other　people　in　cruelty。　They　regard　killing　a　man　as　a　mere　jest；　nor　is　any　punishment　allotted　for　such　a　deed。　If　any　one　purchase　a　new　sword；　and　wish　to　try　it；　he　will　thrust　it　into　the　breast　of　the　first　person　he　meets。　The　passers…by　examine　the　wound；　and　praise　the　skill　of　the　person　who　inflicted　it；　if　he　thrust　in　the　weapon　direct。〃　Yet　Drake　says　of　the　south　of　Java：　〃The　people　（as　are　their　kings）　are　a　very　loving；　true；　and　just…dealing　people；〃　and　Mr。　Crawfurd　says　that　the　Javanese；　whom　he　knew　thoroughly；　are　〃a　peaceable；　docile；　sober；　simple；　and　industrious　people。〃　Barbosa；　on　the　other　hand；　who　saw　them　at　Malacca　about　1660；　says：　〃They　are　a　people　of　great　ingenuity；　very　subtle　in　all　their　dealings；　very　malicious；　great　deceivers；　seldom　speaking　the　truth；　prepared　to　do　all　manner　of　wickedness；　and　ready　to　sacrifice　their　lives。〃
  The　intellect　of　the　Malay　race　seems　rather　deficient。　They　are　incapable　of　anything　beyond　the　simplest　combinations　of　ideas；　and　have　little　taste　or　energy　for　the　acquirement　of　knowledge。　Their　civilization；　such　as　it　is；　does　not　seem　to　be　indigenous；　as　it　is　entirely　confined　to　those　nations　who　have　been　converted　to　the　Mahometan　or　Brahminical　religions。
  I　will　now　give　an　equally　brief　sketch　of　the　other　great　race　of　the　Malay　Archipelago；　the　Papuan。
  The　typical　Papuan　race　is　in　many　respects　the　very　opposite　of　the　Malay；　and　it　has　hitherto　been　very　imperfectly　described。　The　colour　of　the　body　is　a　deep　sooty…brown　or　black；　sometimes　approaching；　but　never　quite　equalling；　the　jet…black　of　some　negro　races。　It　varies　in　tint；　however；　more　than　that　of　the　Malay；　and　is　sometimes　a　dusky…brown。　The　hair　is　very　peculiar；　being　harsh；　dry；　and　frizzly；　growing　in　little　tufts　or　curls；　which　in　youth　are　very　short　and　compact；　but　afterwards　grow　out　to　a；　considerable　length；　forming　the　compact　frizzled　mop　which　is　the　Papuans'　pride　and　glory。　The　face　is　adorned　with　a　beard　of　the　same　frizzly　nature　as　the　hair　of　the　head。　The　arms；　legs；　and　breast　are　also　more　or　less　clothed　with　hair　of　a　similar　nature。
  In　stature　the　Papuan　decidedly　surpasses　the　Malay；　and　is　perhaps　equal；　or　even　superior；　to　the　average　of　Europeans。　The　legs　are　long　and　thin；　and　the　hands　and　feet　larger　than　in　the　Malays。　The　face　is　somewhat　elongated；　the　forehead　flatfish；　the　brows　very　prominent；　the　nose　is　large；　rather　arched　and　high；　the　base　thick；　the　nostrils　broad；　with　the　aperture　hidden；　owing　to　the　tip　of　the　nose　being　elongated；　the　mouth　is　large；　the　lips　thick　and　protuberant。　The　face　has　thus　an　altogether　more　European　aspect　than　in　the　Malay；　owing　to　the　large　nose；　and　the　peculiar　form　of　this　organ；　with　the　more　prominent　brows　and　the　character　of　the　hair　on　the　head；　face；　and　body；　enable　us　at　a　glance　to　distinguish　the　two　races。　I　have　observed　that　most　of　these　characteristic　features　are　as　distinctly　visible　in　children　of　ten　or　twelve　years　old　as　in　adults；　and　the　peculiar　form　of　the　nose　is　always　shown　in　the　figures　which　they　carve　for　ornaments　to　their　houses；　or　as　charms　to　wear　round　their　necks。
  The　moral　characteristics　of　the　Papuan　appear　to　me　to　separate　him　as　distinctly　from　the　Malay　as　do　his　form　and　features。　He　is　impulsive　and　demonstrative　in　speech　and　action。　His　emotions　and　passions　express　themselves　in　shouts　and　laughter；　in　yells　and　frantic　leapings。　Women　and　children　take　their　share　in　every　discussion；　and　seem　little　alarmed　at　the　sight　of　strangers　and　Europeans。
  Of　the　intellect　of　this　race　it　is　very　difficult　to　judge；　but　I　am　inclined　to　rate　it　somewhat　higher　than　that　of　the　Malays；　notwithstanding　the　fact　that　the　Papuans　have　never　yet　made　any　advance　towards　civilization。　It　must　be　remembered；　however；　that　for　centuries　the　Malays　have　been　influenced　by　Hindoo；　Chinese；　and　Arabic　immigration；　whereas　the　Papuan　race　has　only　been　subjected　to　the　very　partial　and　local　influence　of　Malay　traders。　The　Papuan　has　much　more　vital　energy；　which　would　certainly　greatly　assist　his　intellectual　development。　Papuan　slaves　show　no　inferiority　of　intellect。　compared　with　Malays；　but　rather　the　contrary；　and　in　the　Moluccas　they　are　often　promoted　to　places　of　considerable　trust。　The　Papuan　has　a　greater　feeling　for　art　than　the　Malay。　He　decorates　his　canoe；　his　house；　and　almost　every　domestic　utensil　with　elaborate　carving；　a　habit　which　is　rarely　found　among　tribes　of　the　Malay　race。
  In　the　affections　and　moral　sentiments；　on　the　other　hand；　the　Papuans　seem　very　deficient。　In　the　treatment　of　their　children　they　are　often　violent　and　cruel；　whereas　the　Malays　are　almost　invariably　kind　and　gentle；　hardly　ever　interfering　at　all　with　their　children's　pursuits　and　amusements；　and　giving　them　perfect　liberty　at　whatever　age　they　wish　to　claim　it。　But　these　very　peaceful　relations　between　parents　and　children　are　no　doubt；　in　a　great　measure；　due　to　the　listless　and　apathetic　character　of　the　race；　which　never　leads　the　younger　members　into　serious　opposition　to　the　elders；　while　the　harsher　discipline　of　the　Papuans　may　be　chiefly　due　to　that　greater　vigour　and　energy　of　mind　which　always；　sooner　or　later；　leads　to　the　rebellion　of　the　weaker　against　the　stronger；the　people　against　their　rulers；　the　slave　against　his　master；　or　the　child　against　its　parent。
  It　appears；　therefore；　that；　whether　we　consider　their　physical　conformation；　their　moral　characteristics；　or　their　intellectual　capacities；　the　Malay　and　Papuan　races　offer　remarkable　differences　and　striking　contrasts。　The　Malay　is　of　short　stature；　brown…skinned；　straight…haired；　beardless；　and　smooth…　bodied。　The　Papuan　is　taller；　is　black…skinned；　frizzly…haired；　bearded；　and　hairy…bodied。　The　former　is　broad…faced；　has　a　small　nose；　and　flat　eyebrows；　the　latter　is　long…faced；　has　a　large　and　prominent　nose；　and　projecting　eyebrows。　The　Malay　is　bashful；　cold；　undemonstrative；　and　quiet；　the　Papuan　is　bold；　impetuous；　excitable；　and　noisy。　The　former　is　grave　and　seldom　laughs；　the　latter　is　joyous　arid　laughter…loving；the　one　conceals　his　emotions；　the　other　displays　them。
  Having　thus　described　in　some　detail；　the　great　physical；　intellectual；　and　moral　differences　between　the　Malays　and　Papuans；　we　have　to　consider　the　inhabitants　of　the　numerous　islands　which　do　not　agree　very　closely　with　either　of　these　races。　The　islands　of　Obi；　Batchian；　and　the　three　southern　peninsulas　of　Gilolo；　possess　no　true　indigenous　population；　but　the　northern　peninsula　is　inhabited　by　a　native　race；　the　so…　called　Alfuros　of　Sahoe　and　Galela。　These　people　are　quite　distinct　from　the　Malays；　and　almost　equally　so　from　the　Papuans。　They　are　tall　and　well…made；　with　Papuan　features；　and　curly　hair；　they　are　bearded　and　hairy…limbed；　but　quite　as　light　in　colour　as　the　Malays。　They　are　an　industrious　and　enterprising　race；　cultivating　rice　and　vegetables；　and　indefatigable　in　their　search　after　g