第 13 节
作者:竹水冷      更新:2021-02-19 00:59      字数:9322
  terrors for him; he meets it with simplicity and perfect calm; seeking only
  an honorable end as his last gift to his family and descendants。               Therefore
  he    courts   death   in  battle;  on   the  other   hand;    he  would    regard    it  as
  disgraceful to be killed in a private quarrel。          If one be dying at home; it is
  customary  to   carry   his   bed   out   of   doors   as   the   end   approaches;   that   his
  spirit may pass under the open sky。
  Next to this; the matter that concerns him most is the parting with his
  dear ones; especially if he have any little children who must be left behind
  to suffer want。      His family affections are strong; and he grieves intensely
  for    the   lost;  even    though     he   has   unbounded       faith   in  a   spiritual
  companionship。
  The outward signs of mourning for the dead are far more spontaneous
  and convincing than is the correct and well…ordered black of civilization。
  Both men and women among us loosen their hair and cut it according to
  the   degree   of   relationship   or   of   devotion。  Consistent   with   the   idea   of
  sacrificing all personal beauty and adornment; they trim off likewise from
  the dress its fringes and ornaments; perhaps cut it short; or cut the robe or
  blanket   in   two。   The   men   blacken   their   faces;   and   widows   or   bereaved
  parents   sometimes   gash   their   arms   and   legs   till   they   are   covered   with
  blood。     Giving   themselves   up   wholly   to   their   grief;   they   are   no   longer
  concerned about any earthly possession; and often give away all that they
  have to the first comers; even to their beds and their home。                 Finally; the
  wailing   for   the   dead   is   continued   night   and   day   to  the   point   of   utter
  voicelessness; a musical; weird; and heart…piercing sound; which has been
  compared to the; 〃keening〃 of the Celtic mourner。
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  The old…time burial of the Plains Indians was upon a scaffold of poles;
  or a platform among the boughs of a treetheir only means of placing the
  body out of reach of wild beasts; as they had no implements with which to
  dig   a   suitable   grave。   It   was   prepared   by   dressing   in   the   finest   clothes;
  together     with    some    personal     possessions      and   ornaments;      wrapped      in
  several robes; and finally in a secure covering of raw…hide。                    As a special
  mark of respect; the body of a young woman or a warrior was sometimes
  laid   out   in   state   in   a   new   teepee;   with   the   usual   household   articles   and
  even   with   a  dish of   food   left   beside it;  not   that they  supposed   the   spirit
  could   use   the   implements   or   eat   the   food   but   merely   as   a   last   tribute。
  Then the whole people would break camp and depart to a distance; leaving
  the dead alone in an honorable solitude。
  There   was   no   prescribed   ceremony   of   burial;   though   the   body   was
  carried     out  with    more    or  less   solemnity   by     selected    young    men;    and
  sometimes   noted   warriors   were   the   pall…bearers   of   a   man   of   distinction。
  It was usual to choose a prominent hill with a commanding outlook for the
  last resting…place of our dead。          If a man were slain in battle; it was an old
  custom to place his body against a tree or rock in a sitting position; always
  facing the enemy; to indicate his undaunted defiance and bravery; even in
  death。
  I recall a touching custom among us; which was designed to keep the
  memory  of   the   departed   near   and   warm  in   the   bereaved   household。             A
  lock of hair of the beloved dead was wrapped in pretty clothing; such as it
  was   supposed   that   he   or   she   would   like   to   wear   if   living。  This   〃spirit
  bundle;〃   as   it   was   called;   was   suspended   from   a   tripod;   and   occupied   a
  certain place in the lodge which was the place of honor。                     At every meal
  time; a dish of food was placed under it; and some person of the same sex
  and age as the one who was gone must afterward be invited in to partake
  of   the   food。   At   the   end of   a   year   from  the   time   of   death;   the   relatives
  made a public feast and gave away the clothing and other gifts; while the
  lock of hair was interred with appropriate ceremonies。
  Certainly the Indian never doubted the immortal nature of the spirit or
  soul of man; but neither did he care to speculate upon its probable state or
  condition      in  a  future    life。  The     idea   of  a  〃happy     hunting…ground〃        is
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  modern      and   probably   borrowed;       or  invented    by   the   white   man。    The
  primitive   Indian   was   content   to   believe   that   the   spirit   which   the   〃Great
  Mystery〃 breathed into man returns to Him who gave it; and that after it is
  freed   from  the   body;   it   is   everywhere   and   pervades   all   nature;   yet   often
  lingers near the grave or 〃spirit bundle〃 for the consolation of friends; and
  is able to hear prayers。        So much of reverence was due the disembodied
  spirit; that it was not customary with us even to name the dead aloud。
  It   is   well   known   that   the American   Indian   had   somehow   developed
  occult    power;     and   although    in  the   latter  days   there   have    been   many
  impostors; and; allowing for the vanity and weakness of human nature; it
  is fair to assume that there must have been some even in the old days; yet
  there    are   well…attested    instances     of  remarkable      prophecies     and    other
  mystic practice。
  A   Sioux   prophet   predicted   the   coming   of   the   white   man   fully   fifty
  years   before   the   event;   and   even   described   accurately   his   garments   and
  weapons。       Before   the   steamboat   was   invented;   another   prophet   of   our
  race described the 〃Fire Boat〃 that would swim upon their mighty river;
  the Mississippi; and the date of this prophecy is attested by the term used;
  which   is   long   since   obsolete。     No   doubt;   many   predictions   have   been
  colored to suit the new age; and unquestionably false prophets; fakirs; and
  conjurers have become the pest of the tribes during the transition period。
  Nevertheless; even during this period there was here and there a man of
  the old type who was implicitly believed in to the last。
  Notable   among   these   was Ta…chank…pee   Ho…tank…a;   or   His War   Club
  Speaks Loud; who foretold a year in advance the details of a great war…
  party against the Ojibways。          There were to be seven battles; all successful
  except the last; in which the Sioux were to be taken at a disadvantage and
  suffer   crushing   defeat。     This   was   carried   out   to   the   letter。 Our   people
  surprised and slew many of the Ojibways in their villages; but in turn were
  followed and cunningly led into an ambush whence but few came out alive。
  This was only one of his remarkable prophecies。
  Another   famous   〃medicine…man〃   was   born   on   the   Rum   River   about
  one hundred and fifty years ago; and lived to be over a century old。                      He
  was born during a desperate battle with the Ojibways; at a moment when;
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  as    it  seemed;     the   band    of   Sioux    engaged     were     to  be   annihilated。
  Therefore the child's grandmother exclaimed: 〃Since we are all to perish;
  let him die a warrior's death in the field!〃 and she placed his cradle under
  fire; near the spot where his uncle and grandfathers were fighting; for he
  had no father。       But when an old man discovered the new…born child; he
  commanded the women to take care of him; 〃for;〃 said he; 〃we know not
  how precious the strength of even one warrior may some day become to
  his nation!〃
  This   child   lived   to   become   great   among   us;   as   was   intimated   to   the
  superstitious      by   the  circumstances      of  his   birth。   At   the   age   of  about
  seventy…five years; he saved his band from utter destruction at the hands of
  their ancestral enemies; by suddenly giving warning received in a dream
  of   the   approach   of   a   large   war…party。    The   men   immediately   sent   out
  scouts; and felled trees for a stockade; barely in time to meet and repel the
  predicted   attack。      Five    years   later;   he   repeated  the   servi