第 9 节
作者:竹水冷      更新:2021-02-19 00:59      字数:9322
  self…control were early established; and there were no unnatural conditions
  or complex temptations to beset him until he was met and overthrown by a
  stronger race。
  To keep the young men and young women strictly to their honor; there
  were     observed    among     us;   within   my    own   recollection;     certain   annual
  ceremonies   of   a   semi…religious   nature。       One   of   the   most   impressive   of
  these   was   the   sacred   〃Feast   of Virgins;〃   which;   when   given   for   the   first
  time; was equivalent to the public announcement of a young girl's arrival
  at   a  marriageable      age。   The    herald;   making     the  rounds    of   the  teepee
  village; would publish the feast something after this fashion:
  〃Pretty   Weasel…woman;   the   daughter   of   Brave   Bear;   will   kindle   her
  first   maidens'   fire   to…morrow!       All   ye   who   have   never   yielded   to   the
  pleading of man; who have not destroyed your innocency; you alone are
  invited;    to  proclaim   anew      before   the   Sun   and   the   Earth;   before   your
  companions and in the sight of the Great Mystery; the chastity and purity
  of your maidenhood。          Come ye; all who have not known man!〃
  The whole village   was at once   aroused to the interest of the   coming
  event;    which     was   considered     next   to   the  Sun    Dance    and    the  Grand
  Medicine       Dance     in   public    importance。        It   always     took    place   in
  midsummer; when a number of different clans were gathered together for
  the   summer   festivities;   and   was   held   in   the   centre   of   the   great   circular
  encampment。
  Here two circles were described; one within the other; about a rudely
  heart…shaped rock which was touched with red paint; and upon either side
  of the rock there were thrust into the ground a knife and two arrows。                   The
  inner circle was for the maidens; and the outer one for their grandmothers
  or chaperones; who were supposed to have passed the climacteric。                      Upon
  the outskirts of the feast there was a great public gathering; in which order
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  was kept by certain warriors of highest reputation。                Any man among the
  spectators   might   approach   and   challenge   any   young   woman   whom   he
  knew   to   be   unworthy;   but   if   the   accuser   failed   to   prove   his   charge;   the
  warriors were accustomed to punish him severely。
  Each girl in turn approached the sacred rock and laid her hand upon it
  with all solemnity。       This was her religious declaration of her virginity; her
  vow   to   remain   pure   until   her   marriage。     If   she   should   ever   violate   the
  maidens' oath; then welcome that keen knife and those sharp arrows!
  Our maidens were ambitious to attend a number of these feasts before
  marriage; and it sometimes happened that a girl was compelled to give one;
  on account of gossip about her conduct。                Then it was in the nature of a
  challenge to the scandal… mongers to prove their words!                    A similar feast
  was   sometimes   made   by  the   young   men;   for   whom  the   rules   were   even
  more strict; since no young man might attend this feast who had so much
  as spoken of love to a maiden。            It was considered a high honor among us
  to have won some distinction in war and the chase; and above all to have
  been   invited   to   a   seat   in   the   council;   before   one   had   spoken   to   any   girl
  save his own sister。
  It   was   our   belief   that   the   love   of   possessions   is   a   weakness   to   be
  overcome。       Its appeal is to the material part; and if allowed its way it will
  in time disturb the spiritual balance of the man。              Therefore the child must
  early learn the beauty of generosity。            He is taught to give what he prizes
  most; and that he may taste the happiness of giving; he is made at an early
  age the family almoner。          If a child is inclined to be grasping; or to cling to
  any   of   his   little   possessions;   legends   are   related   to   him;   telling   of   the
  contempt and disgrace falling upon the ungenerous and mean man。
  Public    giving    is  a  part  of  every   important     ceremony。      It   properly
  belongs to the celebration of birth; marriage; and death; and is observed
  whenever it is desired to do special honor to any person or event。                     Upon
  such occasions it is common to give to the point of utter impoverishment。
  The Indian in his simplicity literally gives away all that he has; to relatives;
  to guests of another tribe or clan; but above all to the poor and the aged;
  from   whom   he   can   hope   for   no   return。     Finally;   the   gift   to   the   〃Great
  Mystery;〃 the religious offering; may be of little value in itself; but to the
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  giver's    own     thought    it  should    carry    the  meaning      and    reward    of   true
  sacrifice。
  Orphans and the aged are invariably cared for; not only by their next of
  kin;   but   by   the   whole   clan。   It   is   the   loving   parent's   pride   to   have   his
  daughters   visit   the   unfortunate   and   the   helpless;   carry   them   food;   comb
  their   hair;   and   mend   their   garments。       The   name   〃Wenonah;〃   bestowed
  upon the eldest daughter; distinctly implies all this; and a girl who failed in
  her charitable duties was held to be unworthy of the name。
  The   man   who   is   a   skillful   hunter;   and   whose   wife   is   alive   to   her
  opportunities; makes many feasts; to which he is careful to invite the older
  men     of   his  clan;   recognizing      that   they   have    outlived    their   period    of
  greatest activity; and now love nothing so well as to eat in good company;
  and   to   live   over   the   past。  The   old   men;   for   their   part;   do   their   best   to
  requite his liberality with a little speech; in which they are apt to relate the
  brave and generous deeds of their host's ancestors; finally congratulating
  him     upon    being    a  worthy     successor     of  an   honorable      line。   Thus     his
  reputation is won as a hunter and a feast…maker; and almost as famous in
  his way as the great warrior is he who has a recognized name and standing
  as a 〃man of peace。〃
  The   true   Indian   sets   no   price   upon   either   his   property   or   his   labor。
  His generosity is only limited by his strength and ability。                  He regards it as
  an   honor   to   be   selected   for   a   difficult   or   dangerous   service;   and   would
  think it shame to ask for any reward; saying rather: 〃Let him whom I serve
  express   his   thanks   according   to   his   own   bringing   up   and   his   sense   of
  honor!〃
  Nevertheless; he recognizes rights in property。                 To steal from one of
  his   own   tribe   would   be   indeed   disgrace;   and   if   discovered;   the   name   of
  〃Wamanon;〃 or Thief; is fixed upon him forever as an unalterable stigma。
  The only exception to the rule is in the case of food; which is always free
  to   the   hungry   if   there   is   none   by   to   offer   it。 Other   protection   than   the
  moral law there could not be in an Indian community; where there were
  neither locks nor doors; and everything was open and easy of access to all
  comers。
  The property of the enemy is spoil of war; and it is always allowable to
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  confiscate   it   if   possible。   However;  in   the  old   days   there   was   not   much
  plunder。      Before   the   coming   of   the   white   man;   there   was   in   fact   little
  temptation or opportunity to despoil the enemy; but in modern times the
  practice of 〃stealing horses〃 from hostile tribes has become common; and
  is thought far from dishonorable。
  Warfare   we   regarded   as   an   institution   of   the   〃Great   Mystery〃   an
  organized tournament or trial of courage and skill; with elaborate rules and
  〃counts〃      for  the   coveted     honor    of   the  eagle    feather。    It  was    held   to
  develop the quality of manliness and its motive was chivalric or patriotic;
  but never the  desire for  territorial aggrandizement   or the  overthrow of a
  brother nation。       It was common; in early times; for a battle or skirmish to
  last   all  day;   with   great   display   of    daring    and   horsemanship;   bu