第 6 节
作者:竹水冷      更新:2021-02-19 00:59      字数:9322
  wealth in honor of the occasion; although these were no essential part of
  the religious rite。       When the day came to procure the pole; it was brought
  in by a party of warriors; headed by some man of distinction。                          The tree
  selected   was   six   to   eight   inches   in   diameter   at   the   base;   and   twenty   to
  twenty…five   feet   high。       It   was   chosen   and   felled   with   some   solemnity;
  including the ceremony of the 〃filled pipe;〃 and was carried in the fashion
  of   a   litter;   symbolizing   the   body   of   the   man   who   made   the   dance。        A
  solitary   teepee   was   pitched   on   a   level   spot   at   some   distance   from   the
  village; and the pole raised near at hand with the same ceremony; in the
  centre of a circular enclosure of fresh…cut boughs。
  Meanwhile; one of the most noted of our old men had carved out of
  rawhide;   or   later   of   wood;   two   figures;   usually   those   of   a   man   and   a
  buffalo。      Sometimes        the   figure    of  a   bird;  supposed      to   represent     the
  Thunder; was substituted for the buffalo。                 It was customary to paint the
  man red and the animal black; and each was suspended from one end of
  the   crossbar   which   was   securely  tied   some   two   feet   from  the   top   of   the
  pole。     I   have    never    been    able   to   determine      that  this   cross   had    any
  significance;   it   was   probably   nothing   more   than   a   dramatic   coincidence
  that surmounted the Sun…Dance pole with the symbol of Christianity。
  The     paint   indicated     that   the   man    who    was    about    to   give   thanks
  publicly      had   been    potentially     dead;    but   was    allowed     to   live   by   the
  mysterious favor and interference of the Giver of Life。                    The buffalo hung
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  opposite the image of his own body in death; because it was the support of
  his physical self; and a leading figure in legendary lore。                 Following the
  same     line   of  thought;    when     he   emerged     from    the   solitary   lodge   of
  preparation;      and    approached      the   pole   to   dance;    nude    save    for  his
  breechclout   and   moccasins;   his   hair   loosened   and   daubed   with   clay;   he
  must drag after him a buffalo skull; representing the grave from which he
  had escaped。
  The dancer was cut or scarified on the chest; sufficient to draw blood
  and cause pain; the natural accompaniments of his figurative death。                      He
  took   his   position opposite   the   singers;   facing  the   pole;  and   dragging   the
  skull by leather thongs which were merely fastened about his shoulders。
  During      a  later   period;   incisions    were    made     in  the   breast    or  back;
  sometimes both; through which wooden skewers were drawn; and secured
  by    lariats   to  the   pole   or   to  the   skulls。    Thus      he   danced    without
  intermission for a day and a night; or even longer; ever gazing at the sun in
  the daytime; and blowing from time to time a sacred whistle made from
  the bone of a goose's wing。
  In   recent   times;   this   rite   was   exaggerated   and   distorted   into   a   mere
  ghastly  display  of   physical strength   and   endurance   under torture;   almost
  on a level with the Caucasian institution of the bull…fight; or the yet more
  modern prize…ring。        Moreover; instead of an atonement or thank…offering;
  it became the accompaniment of a prayer for success in war; or in a raid
  upon the horses of the enemy。           The number of dancers was increased; and
  they   were   made   to   hang   suspended   from   the   pole   by   their   own   flesh;
  which they must break loose before being released。                 I well remember the
  comments in our own home upon the passing of this simple but impressive
  ceremony; and its loss of all meaning and propriety under the demoralizing
  additions   which   were   some   of   the   fruits   of   early   contact   with   the   white
  man。
  Perhaps      the   most     remarkable      organization      ever    known     among
  American Indians; that of the 〃Grand Medicine Lodge;〃 was apparently an
  indirect    result   of   the  labors    of  the   early   Jesuit   missionaries。      In   it
  Caucasian       ideas   are   easily   recognizable;     and   it  seems    reasonable      to
  suppose      that   its  founders     desired    to  establish    an   order    that  would
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  successfully   resist   the   encroachments   of   the   〃Black   Robes。〃        However
  that may be; it is an unquestionable fact that the only religious leaders of
  any note who have arisen among the native tribes since the advent of the
  white man; the 〃Shawnee Prophet〃 in 1762; and the half…breed prophet of
  the 〃Ghost Dance〃 in 1890; both founded their claims or prophecies upon
  the Gospel story。       Thus in each case an Indian religious revival or craze;
  though more or less threatening to the invader; was of distinctively alien
  origin。
  The    Medicine      Lodge    originated     among     the  Algonquin      tribe;  and
  extended gradually throughout its branches; finally affecting the Sioux of
  the Mississippi Valley; and forming a strong bulwark against the work of
  the pioneer missionaries; who secured; indeed; scarcely any converts until
  after the outbreak of 1862; when subjection; starvation; and imprisonment
  turned our broken…hearted people to accept Christianity; which seemed to
  offer them the only gleam of kindness or hope。
  The order was a secret one; and in some respects not unlike the Free
  Masons; being a union or affiliation of a number of lodges; each with its
  distinctive songs and medicines。           Leadership was in order of seniority in
  degrees;     which    could    only   be   obtained     by   merit;   and   women      were
  admitted to membership upon equal terms; with the possibility of attaining
  to the highest honors。 No person might become a member unless his moral
  standing   was   excellent;   all   candidates   remained   on   probation   for   one   or
  two     years;    and     murderers      and    adulterers     were    expelled。       The
  commandments promulgated by this order were essentially the same as the
  Mosaic Ten; so that it exerted a distinct moral influence; in addition to its
  ostensible     object;   which     was   instruction    in  the   secrets   of   legitimate
  medicine。
  In   this   society   the   uses   of   all   curative   roots   and   herbs   known   to   us
  were   taught   exhaustively   and   practiced   mainly   by   the   old;   the   younger
  members   being   in   training   to   fill   the   places   of   those   who   passed   away。
  My grandmother was a well…known and successful practitioner; and both
  my mother and father were members; but did not practice。
  A   medicine   or   〃mystery   feast〃   was   not   a   public   affair;   as   members
  only were eligible; and upon these occasions all the 〃medicine bags〃 and
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  totems of the various lodges were displayed and their peculiar 〃medicine
  songs〃 were sung。         The food was only partaken of by invited guests; and
  not    by  the   hosts;   or  lodge    making    the   feast。   The    〃Grand     Medicine
  Dance〃 was given on the occasion of initiating those candidates who had
  finished their probation; a sufficient number of whom were designated to
  take the places of those who had died since the last meeting。                   Invitations
  were sent out in the form of small bundles of tobacco。                    Two very large
  teepees were pitched facing one another; a hundred feet apart; half open;
  and connected by a roofless hall or colonnade of fresh…cut boughs。                      One
  of these lodges was for the society giving the dance and the novices; the
  other was occupied by the 〃soldiers;〃 whose duty it was to distribute the
  refreshments;       and   to  keep    order    among     the   spectators。     They     were
  selected from among the best and bravest warriors of the tribe。
  The    preparations     being    complete;    and   the   members      of  each   lodge
  garbed     and    painted    according     to  their   rituals;  they    entered    the  hall
  separately;     in  single    file;  led  by   their  oldest    man    or  〃Great    Chief。〃
  Standing before the 〃Soldiers' Lodge;〃   facing the setting sun; their