on　the　shelf　that　served　as　a　bed。　　Standing　close
  to　the　door　he　also　saw　the　pail　which　caused
  such　an　unbearable　stench。　　On　the　shelf　about
  ten　men；　entirely　covered　with　their　cloaks；　were
  sleeping。　　A　red…haired　man　with　a　huge　beard
  was　sitting　sideways　on　the　shelf；　with　his　shirt
  off。　　He　was　examining　it；　lifting　it　up　to　the
  light；　and　evidently　catching　the　vermin　on　it。
  Another　man；　aged　and　white　as　snow；　stood　with
  his　profile　turned　towards　the　door。　　He　was
  praying；　crossing　himself；　and　bowing　low；　ap…
  parently　so　absorbed　in　his　devotions　as　to　be
  oblivious　of　all　around　him。
  〃I　seethis　is　a　prison；〃　thought　the　young
  Tsar。　　〃They　certainly　deserve　pity。　　It　is　a
  dreadful　life。　　But　it　cannot　be　helped。　　It　is
  their　own　fault。〃
  But　this　thought　had　hardly　come　into　his
  head　before　HE；　who　was　his　guide；　replied　to
  it。
  〃They　are　all　here　under　lock　and　key　by　your
  order。　　They　have　all　been　sentenced　in　your
  name。　　But　far　from　meriting　their　present　con…
  dition　which　is　due　to　your　human　judgment；　the
  greater　part　of　them　are　far　better　than　you　or
  those　who　were　their　judges　and　who　keep　them
  here。　　This　one〃he　pointed　to　the　handsome；
  curly…headed　fellow〃is　a　murderer。　　I　do　not
  consider　him　more　guilty　than　those　who　kill　in
  war　or　in　duelling；　and　are　rewarded　for　their
  deeds。　　He　had　neither　education　nor　moral
  guidance；　and　his　life　had　been　cast　among　thieves
  and　drunkards。　　This　lessens　his　guilt；　but　he　has
  done　wrong；　nevertheless；　in　being　a　murderer。
  He　killed　a　merchant；　to　rob　him。　　The　other
  man；　the　Jew；　is　a　thief；　one　of　a　gang　of　thieves。
  That　uncommonly　strong　fellow　is　a　horse…stealer；
  and　guilty　also；　but　compared　with　others　not　as
  culpable。　　Look！〃and　suddenly　the　young
  Tsar　found　himself　in　an　open　field　on　a　vast
  frontier。　　On　the　right　were　potato　fields；　the
  plants　had　been　rooted　out；　and　were　lying　in
  heaps；　blackened　by　the　frost；　in　alternate　streaks
  were　rows　of　winter　corn。　　In　the　distance　a　little
  village　with　its　tiled　roofs　was　visible；　on　the　left
  were　fields　of　winter　corn；　and　fields　of　stubble。
  No　one　was　to　be　seen　on　any　side；　save　a　black
  human　figure　in　front　at　the　border…line；　a　gun
  slung　on　his　back；　and　at　his　feet　a　dog。　　On　the
  spot　where　the　young　Tsar　stood；　sitting　beside
  him；　almost　at　his　feet；　was　a　young　Russian
  soldier　with　a　green　band　on　his　cap；　and　with　his
  rifle　slung　over　his　shoulders；　who　was　rolling　up
  a　paper　to　make　a　cigarette。　　The　soldier　was
  obviously　unaware　of　the　presence　of　the　young
  Tsar　and　his　companion；　and　had　not　heard　them。
  He　did　now　turn　round　when　the　Tsar；　who　was
  standing　directly　over　the　soldier；　asked；　〃Where
  are　we？〃　　〃On　the　Prussian　frontier；〃　his　guide
  answered。　　Suddenly；　far　away　in　front　of　them；
  a　shot　was　fired。　　The　soldier　jumped　to　his　feet；
  and　seeing　two　men　running；　bent　low　to　the
  ground；　hastily　put　his　tobacco　into　his　pocket；
  and　ran　after　one　of　them。　　〃Stop；　or　I'll
  shoot！〃　cried　the　soldier。　　The　fugitive；　without
  stopping；　turned　his　head　and　called　out　something
  evidently　abusive　or　blasphemous。
  〃Damn　you！〃　shouted　the　soldier；　who　put　one
  foot　a　little　forward　and　stopped；　after　which；
  bending　his　head　over　his　rifle；　and　raising　his
  right　hand；　he　rapidly　adjusted　something；　took
  aim；　and；　pointing　the　gun　in　the　direction　of　the
  fugitive；　probably　fired；　although　no　sound　was
  heard。　　〃Smokeless　powder；　no　doubt；〃　thought
  the　young　Tsar；　and　looking　after　the　fleeing　man
  saw　him　take　a　few　hurried　steps；　and　bending
  lower　and　lower；　fall　to　the　ground　and　crawl　on
  his　hands　and　knees。　　At　last　he　remained　lying
  and　did　not　move。　　The　other　fugitive；　who　was
  ahead　of　him；　turned　round　and　ran　back　to
  the　man　who　was　lying　on　the　ground。　　He
  did　something　for　him　and　then　resumed　his
  flight。
  〃What　does　all　this　mean？　〃　asked　the　Tsar。
  〃These　are　the　guards　on　the　frontier；　enforc…
  ing　the　revenue　laws。　　That　man　was　killed　to
  protect　the　revenues　of　the　State。〃
  〃Has　he　actually　been　killed？　〃
  The　guide　again　laid　his　hand　upon　the　head　of
  the　young　Tsar；　and　again　the　Tsar　lost　conscious…
  ness。　　When　he　had　recovered　his　senses　he　found
  himself　in　a　small　roomthe　customs　office。
  The　dead　body　of　a　man；　with　a　thin　grizzled
  beard；　an　aquiline　nose；　and　big　eyes　with　the
  eyelids　closed；　was　lying　on　the　floor。　　His　arms
  were　thrown　asunder；　his　feet　bare；　and　his　thick；
  dirty　toes　were　turned　up　at　right　angles　and　stuck
  out　straight。　　He　had　a　wound　in　his　side；　and
  on　his　ragged　cloth　jacket；　as　well　as　on　his　blue
  shirt；　were　stains　of　clotted　blood；　which　had
  turned　black　save　for　a　few　red　spots　here　and
  there。　　A　woman　stood　close　to　the　wall；　so
  wrapped　up　in　shawls　that　her　face　could　scarcely
  be　seen。　　Motionless　she　gazed　at　the　aquiline
  nose；　the　upturned　feet；　and　the　protruding　eye…
  balls；　sobbing　and　sighing；　and　drying　her　tears　at
  long；　regular　intervals。　　A　pretty　girl　of　thirteen
  was　standing　at　her　mother's　side；　with　her　eyes
  and　mouth　wide　open。　　A　boy　of　eight　clung　to
  his　mother's　skirt；　and　looked　intensely　at　his　dead
  father　without　blinking。
  From　a　door　near　them　an　official；　an　officer；　a
  doctor；　and　a　clerk　with　documents；　entered。
  After　them　came　a　soldier；　the　one　who　had　shot
  the　man。　　He　stepped　briskly　along　behind　his
  superiors；　but　the　instant　he　saw　the　corpse　he
  went　suddenly　pale；　and　quivered；　and　dropping
  his　head　stood　still。　　When　the　official　asked　him
  whether　that　was　the　man　who　was　escaping　across
  the　frontier；　and　at　whom　he　had　fired；　he　was
  unable　to　answer。　　His　lips　trembled；　and　his
  face　twitched。　　〃The　sss〃　he　began；　but
  could　not　get　out　the　words　which　he　wanted　to
  say。　　〃The　same；　your　excellency。〃　　The　of…
  ficials　looked　at　each　other　and　wrote　something
  down。
  〃You　see　the　beneficial　results　of　that　same
  system！〃
  In　a　room　of　sumptuous　vulgarity　two　men　sat
  drinking　wine。　　One　of　them　was　old　and　grey；
  the　other　a　young　Jew。　　The　young　Jew　was
  holding　a　roll　of　bank…notes　in　his　hand；　and　was
  bargaining　with　the　old　man。　　He　was　buying
  smuggled　goods。
  〃You've　got　'em　cheap；〃　he　said；　smiling。
  〃Yesbut　the　risk〃
  〃This　is　indeed　terrible；〃　said　the　young　Tsar；
  but　it　cannot　be　avoided。　　Such　proceedings　are
  necessary。〃
  His　companion　made　no　response；　saying
  merely；　〃Let　us　move　on；〃　and　laid　his　hand
  again　on　the　head　of　the　Tsar。　　When　the　Tsar
  recovered　consciousness；　he　was　standing　in　a
  small　room　lit　by　a　shaded　lamp。　　A　woman　was
  sitting　at　the　table　sewing。　　A　boy　of　eight　was
  bending　over　the　table；　drawing；　with　his　feet
  doubled　up　under　him　in　the　armchair。　　A　stu…
  dent　was　reading　aloud。　　The　father　and　daugh…
  ter　of　the　family　entered　the　room　noisily。
  〃You　signed　the　order　concerning　the　sale　of
  spirits；〃　said　the　guide　to　the　Tsar。
  〃Well？〃　said　the　woman。
  〃He's　not　likely　to　live。〃
  〃What's　the　matter　with　him？〃
  〃They've　kept　him　drunk　all　the　time。〃
  〃It's　not　possible！〃　exclaimed　the　wife。
  〃It's　true。　　And　the　boy's　only　nine　years　old；
  that　Vania　Moroshkine。〃
  〃What　did　you　do　to　try　to　save　him？〃　asked
  the　wife。
  〃I　tried　everything　that　could　be　done。　　I　gave
  him　an　emetic　and　put　a　mustard…plaster　on　him。
  He　has　every　symptom　of　delirium　tremens。〃
  〃It's　no　wonderthe　whole　family　are　drunk…
  ards。　　Annisia　is　only　a　little　better　than　the　rest；
  and　even　she　is　generally　more　or　less　drunk；〃
  said　the　daughter。
  〃And　what　about　your　temperance　society？〃
  the　student　asked　his　sister。
  〃What　can　we　do　when　they　are　given　every
  opportunity　of　drinking？　Father　tried　to　have
  the　public…house　shut　up；　but　the　law　is　against
  him。　　And；　besides；　when　I　was　trying　to　convince
  Vasily　Ermiline　that　it　was　disgraceful　to　keep
  a　public…house　and　ruin　the　people　with　drink；
  he　answered　very　haughtily；　and　indeed　got　the
  better　of　me　before　the　crowd：　　'But　I　have　a
  license　with　the　Imperial　eagle　on　it。　　If　there
  was　anything　wrong　in　my　business；　the　Tsar
  wouldn't　have　issued　a　decree　authorising　it。'
  Isn't　it　terrible？　The　whole　village　has　been
  drunk　for　the　last　three　days。　　And　as　for　feast…
  days；　it　is　simply　horrible　to　think　of！　　It　has
  been　proved　conclusively　that　alcohol　does　no　good
  in　any　case；　but　invariably　does　harm；　and　it
  has　been　demonstrated　to　be　an　absolute　poison。
  Then；　ninety…nine　per　cent。　of　the　crimes　in　the
  world　are　committed　through　its　influence。　　We
  all　know　how　the　standard　of　morality　and　the
  general　welfare　improved　at　once　in　all　the　coun…
  tries　where　drinking　has　been　suppressedlike
  Sweden　and　Finland；　and　we　know　that　it　can　be
  suppressed　by　exercising　a　moral　influence　over
  the　masses。　　But　in　our　country　the　class　which
  could　exert　that　influencethe　Government；　the
  Tsar　and　his　officialssimply　encourage　drink。
  Their　main　revenues　are　drawn　from　the　continual
  drunkenness　of　the　people。　　They　drink　them…
  selvesthey　are　always　drinking　the　health　of
  somebody：　　'Gentlemen；　the　Regiment！'　The
  preachers　drink；　the　bishops　drink〃
  Again　the　guide　touched　the　head　of　the　young
  Tsar；　who　again　lost　consciousness。　　This　time　he
  found　himself　in　a　peasant's　cottage