Rousseau；　too。　　Easy　it　is　to　feel　disgust；　contempt；　for　the
  〃Confessions〃　and　the　〃Nouvelle　Heloise〃for　much；　too　much；　in　the
  man's　own　life　and　character。　　One　would　think　the　worse　of　the
  young　Englishman　who　did　not　so　feel；　and　express　his　feelings
  roundly　and　roughly。　　But　all　young　Englishmen　should　recollect；
  that　to　Rousseau's　〃Emile〃　they　owe　their　deliverance　from　the
  useless　pedantries；　the　degrading　brutalities；　of　the　medieval
  system　of　school　education；　that　〃Emile〃　awakened　throughout
  civilised　Europe　a　conception　of　education　just；　humane；　rational；
  truly　scientific；　because　founded　upon　facts；　that　if　it　had　not
  been　written　by　one　writhing　under　the　bitter　consequences　of　mis…
  education；　and　feeling　their　sting　and　their　brand　day　by　day　on　his
  own　spirit；　Miss　Edgeworth　might　never　have　reformed　our　nurseries；
  or　Dr。　Arnold　our　public　schools。
  And　so　with　the　rest　of　the　philosophes。　　That　there　were　charlatans
  among　them；　vain　men；　pretentious　men；　profligate　men；　selfish；
  self…seeking；　and　hypocritical　men；　who　doubts？　　Among　what　class　of
  men　were　there　not　such　in　those　evil　days？　　In　what　class　of　men
  are　there　not　such　now；　in　spite　of　all　social　and　moral
  improvement？　　But　nothing　but　the　conviction；　among　the　average；
  that　they　were　in　the　rightthat　they　were　fighting　a　battle　for
  which　it　was　worth　while　to　dare；　and　if　need　be　to　suffer；　could
  have　enabled　them　to　defy　what　was　then　public　opinion；　backed　by
  overwhelming　physical　force。
  Their　intellectual　defects　are　patent。　　No　one　can　deny　that　their
  inductions　were　hasty　and　partial：　　but　then　they　were　inductions　as
  opposed　to　the　dull　pedantry　of　the　schools；　which　rested　on
  tradition　only　half　believed；　or　pretended　to　be　believed。　　No　one
  can　deny　that　their　theories　were　too　general　and　abstract；　but　then
  they　were　theories　as　opposed　to　the　no…theory　of　the　Ancien　Regime；
  which　was；　〃Let　us　eat　and　drink；　for　to…morrow　we　die。〃
  Theoriesprinciplesby　them　if　men　do　not　live；　by　them　men　are；
  at　least；　stirred　into　life；　at　the　sight　of　something　more　noble
  than　themselves。　　Only　by　great　ideas；　right　or　wrong；　could　such　a
  world　as　that　which　Le　Sage　painted；　be　roused　out　of　its　slough　of
  foul　self…satisfaction；　and　equally　foul　self…discontent。
  For　mankind　is　ruled　and　guided；　in　the　long　run；　not　by　practical
  considerations；　not　by　self…interest；　not　by　compromises；　but　by
  theories　and　principles；　and　those　of　the　most　abstruse；　delicate；
  supernatural；　and　literally　unspeakable　kind；　which；　whether　they　be
  according　to　reason　or　not；　are　so　little　according　to　logicthat
  is；　to　speakable　reasonthat　they　cannot　be　put　into　speech。　　Men
  act；　whether　singly　or　in　masses；　by　impulses　and　instincts　for
  which　they　give　reasons　quite　incompetent；　often　quite　irrelevant；
  but　which　they　have　caught　from　each　other；　as　they　catch　fever　or
  small…pox；　as　unconsciously；　and　yet　as　practically　and　potently；
  just　as　the　nineteenth　century　has　caught　from　the　philosophers　of
  the　eighteenth　most　practical　rules　of　conduct；　without　even　（in
  most　cases）　having　read　a　word　of　their　works。
  And　what　has　this　century　caught　from　these　philosophers？　　One　rule
  it　has　learnt；　and　that　a　most　practical　oneto　appeal　in　all
  cases；　as　much　as　possible；　to　〃Reason　and　the　Laws　of　Nature。〃
  That；　at　least；　the　philosophers　tried　to　do。　　Often　they　failed。
  Their　conceptions　of　reason　and　of　the　laws　of　nature　being　often
  incorrect；　they　appealed　to　unreason　and　to　laws　which　were　not
  those　of　nature。　　〃The　fixed　idea　of　them　all　was；〃　says　M。　de
  Tocqueville；　〃to　substitute　simple　and　elementary　rules；　deduced
  from　reason　and　natural　law；　for　the　complicated　traditional　customs
  which　governed　the　society　of　their　time。〃　　They　were　often　rash；
  hasty；　in　the　application　of　their　method。　　They　ignored　whole
  classes　of　facts；　which；　though　spiritual　and　not　physical；　are　just
  as　much　facts；　and　facts　for　science；　as　those　which　concern　a　stone
  or　a　fungus。　　They　mistook　for　merely　complicated　traditional
  customs；　many　most　sacred　institutions　which　were　just　as　much
  founded　on　reason　and　natural　law；　as　any　theories　of　their　own。
  But　who　shall　say　that　their　method　was　not　correct？　　That　it　was
  not　the　only　method？　　They　appealed　to　reason。　　Would　you　have　had
  them　appeal　to　unreason？　　They　appealed　to　natural　law。　　Would　you
  have　had　them　appeal　to　unnatural　law？law　according　to　which　God
  did　not　make　this　world？　　Alas！　that　had　been　done　too　often
  already。　　Solomon　saw　it　done　in　his　time；　and　called　it　folly；　to
  which　he　prophesied　no　good　end。　　Rabelais　saw　it　done　in　his　time；
  and　wrote　his　chapters　on　the　〃Children　of　Physis　and　the　Children
  of　Antiphysis。〃　　But；　born　in　an　evil　generation；　which　was　already；
  even　in　1500；　ripening　for　the　revolution　of　1789；　he　was　sensual
  and；　I　fear；　cowardly　enough　to　hide　his　light；　not　under　a　bushel；
  but　under　a　dunghill；　till　men　took　him　for　a　jester　of　jests；　and
  his　great　wisdom　was　lost　to　the　worse　and　more　foolish　generations
  which　followed　him；　and　thought　they　understood　him。
  But　as　for　appealing　to　natural　law　for　that　which　is　good　for　men；
  and　to　reason　for　the　power　of　discerning　that　same　goodif　man
  cannot　find　truth　by　that　method；　by　what　method　shall　he　find　it？
  And　thus　it　happened　that；　though　these　philosophers　and
  encyclopaedists　were　not　men　of　science；　they　were　at　least　the
  heralds　and　the　coadjutors　of　science。
  We　may　call　them；　and　justly；　dreamers；　theorists；　fanatics。　　But　we
  must　recollect　that　one　thing　they　meant　to　do；　and　did。　　They
  recalled　men　to　facts；　they　bid　them　ask　of　everything　they　saw
  What　are　the　facts　of　the　case？　　Till　we　know　the　facts；　argument　is
  worse　than　useless。
  Now　the　habit　of　asking　for　the　facts　of　the　case　must　deliver　men
  more　or　less　from　that　evil　spirit　which　the　old　Romans　called
  〃Fama；〃　from　her　whom　Virgil　described　in　the　AEneid　as　the　ugliest；
  the　falsest；　and　the　cruellest　of　monsters。
  From　〃Fama；〃　from　rumours；　hearsays；　exaggerations；　scandals；
  superstitions；　public　opinionswhether　from　the　ancient　public
  opinion　that　the　sun　went　round　the　earth；　or　the　equally　public
  opinion；　that　those　who　dared　to　differ　from　public　opinion　were
  hateful　to　the　deity；　and　therefore　worthy　of　deathfrom　all　these
  blasts　of　Fame's　lying　trumpet　they　helped　to　deliver　men；　and　they
  therefore　helped　to　insure　something　like　peace　and　personal
  security　for　those　quiet；　modest；　and　generally　virtuous　men；　who；
  as　students　of　physical　science；　devoted　their　lives；　during　the
  eighteenth　century；　to　asking　of　natureWhat　are　the　facts　of　the
  case？
  It　was　no　coincidence；　but　a　connection　of　cause　and　effect；　that
  during　the　century　of　philosopher　sound　physical　science　throve；　as
  she　had　never　thriven　before；　that　in　zoology　and　botany；　chemistry
  and　medicine；　geology　and　astronomy；　man　after　man；　both　of　the
  middle　and　the　noble　classes；　laid　down　on　more　and　more　sound；
  because　more　and　more　extended　foundations；　that　physical　science
  which　will　endure　as　an　everlasting　heritage　to　mankind；　endure；
  even　though　a　second　Byzantine　period　should　reduce　it　to　a　timid
  and　traditional　pedantry；　or　a　second　irruption　of　barbarians　sweep
  it　away　for　awhile；　to　revive　again　（as　classic　philosophy　revived
  in　the　fifteenth　century）　among　new　and　more　energetic　races；　when
  the　kingdom　of　God　shall　have　been　taken　away　from　us；　and　given　to
  a　nation　bringing　forth　the　fruits　thereof。
  An　eternal　heritage；　I　say；　for　the　human　race；　which　once　gained；
  can　never　be　lost；　which　stands；　and　will　stand；　marches；　and　will
  march；　proving　its　growth；　its　health；　its　progressive　force；　its
  certainty　of　final　victory；　by　those　very　changes；　disputes；
  mistakes；　which　the　ignorant　and　the　bigoted　hold　up　to　scorn；　as
  proofs　of　its　uncertainty　and　its　rottenness；　because　they　never
  have　dared　or　cared　to　ask　boldlyWhat　are　the　facts　of　the　case？
  and　have　never　discovered　either　the　acuteness；　the　patience；　the
  calm　justice；　necessary　for　ascertaining　the　facts；　or　their　awful
  and　divine　certainty　when　once　ascertained。
  ＇But　these　philosophers　（it　will　be　said）　hated　all　religion。
  Before　that　question　can　be　fairly　discussed；　it　is　surely　right　to
  consider　what　form　of　religion　that　was　which　they　found　working
  round　them　in　France；　and　on　the　greater　part　of　the　Continent。　　The
  quality　thereof　may　have　surely　had　something　to　do　（as　they
  themselves　asserted）　with　that　〃sort　of　rage〃　with　which　（to　use　M。
  de　Tocqueville's　words）　〃the　Christian　religion　was　attacked　in
  France。〃
  M。　de　Tocqueville　is　of　opinion　（and　his　opinion　is　likely　to　be
  just）　that　〃the　Church　was　not　more　open　to　attack　in　France　than
  elsewhere；　that　the　corruptions　and　abuses　which　had　been　allowed　to
  creep　into　it　were　less；　on　the　contrary；　there　than　in　most
  Catholic　cou