kinsmen　of　their　own。　　It　may　lead　them　to　ask　themselves　why；　in　a
  world　which　is　governed　by　a　just　God；　such　great　power　as　is
  palpably　theirs　at　present　is　entrusted　to　them；　save　that　they　may
  do　more　work；　and　not　less；　than　other　men；　under　the　penalties
  pronounced　against　those　to　whom　much　is　given；　and　of　whom　much　is
  required。　　It　may　lead　them　to　discover　that　they　are　in　a　world
  where　it　is　not　safe　to　sit　under　the　tree；　and　let　the　ripe　fruit
  drop　into　your　mouth；　where　the　〃competition　of　species〃　works　with
  ruthless　energy　among　all　ranks　of　being；　from　kings　upon　their
  thrones　to　the　weeds　upon　the　waste；　where　〃he　that　is　not　hammer；
  is　sure　to　be　anvil；〃　and　he　who　will　not　work；　neither　shall　he
  eat。　　It　may　lead　them　to　devote　that　energy　（in　which　they　surpass
  so　far　the　continental　aristocracies）　to　something　better　than
  outdoor　amusements　or　indoor　dilettantisms。　　There　are　those　among
  them　who；　like　one　section　of　the　old　French　noblesse；　content
  themselves　with　mere　complaints　of　〃the　revolutionary　tendencies　of
  the　age。〃　　Let　them　beware　in　time；　for　when　the　many　are　on　the
  march；　the　few　who　stand　still　are　certain　to　be　walked　over。　　There
  are　those　among　them　who；　like　another　section　of　the　French
  noblesse；　are　ready；　more　generously　than　wisely；　to　throw　away
  their　own　social　and　political　advantages；　and　play　（for　it　will
  never　be　really　more　than　playing）　at　democracy。　　Let　them；　too；
  beware。　　The　penknife　and　the　axe　should　respect　each　other；　for
  they　were　wrought　from　the　same　steel：　　but　the　penknife　will　not　be
  wise　in　trying　to　fell　trees。　　Let　them　accept　their　own　position；
  not　in　conceit　and　arrogance；　but　in　fear　and　trembling；　and　see　if
  they　cannot　play　the　man　therein；　and　save　their　own　class；　and　with
  it；　much　which　it　has　needed　many　centuries　to　accumulate　and　to
  organise；　and　without　which　no　nation　has　yet　existed　for　a　single
  century。　　They　are　no　more　like　the　old　French　noblesse；　than　are
  the　commercial　class　like　the　old　French　bourgeoisie；　or　the
  labouring　like　the　old　French　peasantry。　　Let　them　prove　that　fact
  by　their　deeds　during　the　next　generation；　or　sink　into　the
  condition　of　mere　rich　men；　exciting；　by　their　luxury　and　laziness；
  nothing　but　envy　and　contempt。
  Meanwhile；　behind　all　classes　and　social　forcesI　had　almost　said；
  above　them　allstands　a　fourth　estate；　which　will；　ultimately；
  decide　the　form　which　English　society　is　to　take：　　a　Press　as
  different　from　the　literary　class　of　the　Ancien　Regime　as　is
  everything　else　English；　and　different　in　thisthat　it　is　free。
  The　French　Revolution；　like　every　revolution　（it　seems　to　me）　which
  has　convulsed　the　nations　of　Europe　for　the　last　eighty　years；　was
  caused　immediatelywhatever　may　have　been　its　more　remote　causes
  by　the　suppression　of　thought；　or；　at　least；　by　a　sense　of　wrong
  among　those　who　thought。　　A　country　where　every　man；　be　he　fool　or
  wise；　is　free　to　speak　that　which　is　in　him；　can　never　suffer　a
  revolution。　　The　folly　blows　itself　off　like　steam；　in　harmless
  noise；　the　wisdom　becomes　part　of　the　general　intellectual　stock　of
  the　nation；　and　prepares　men　for　gradual；　and　therefore　for
  harmless；　change。
  As　long　as　the　press　is　free；　a　nation　is　guaranteed　against　sudden
  and　capricious　folly；　either　from　above　or　from　below。　　As　long　as
  the　press　is　free；　a　nation　is　guaranteed　against　the　worse　evil　of
  persistent　and　obstinate　folly；　cloaking　itself　under　the　venerable
  shapes　of　tradition　and　authority。　　For　under　a　free　press；　a　nation
  must　ultimately　be　guided　not　by　a　caste；　not　by　a　class；　not　by
  mere　wealth；　not　by　the　passions　of　a　mob：　　but　by　mind；　by　the　net
  result　of　all　the　common…sense　of　its　members；　and　in　the　present
  default　of　genius；　which　is　un…common　sense；　common…sense　seems　to
  be　the　only；　if　not　the　best；　safeguard　for　poor　humanity。
  1867
  LECTURE　ICASTE
  ＇Delivered　at　the　Royal　Institution；　London；　1867。＇
  These　Lectures　are　meant　to　be　comments　on　the　state　of　France
  before　the　French　Revolution。　　To　English　society；　past　or　present；
  I　do　not　refer。　　For　reasons　which　I　have　set　forth　at　length　in　an
  introductory　discourse；　there　never　was　any　Ancien　Regime　in
  England。
  Therefore；　when　the　Stuarts　tried　to　establish　in　England　a　system
  which　might　have　led　to　a　political　condition　like　that　of　the
  Continent；　all　classes　combined　and　exterminated　them；　while　the
  course　of　English　society　went　on　as　before。
  On　the　contrary；　England　was　the　mother　of　every　movement　which
  undermined；　and　at　last　destroyed；　the　Ancien　Regime。
  From　England　went　forth　those　political　theories　which；　transmitted
  from　America　to　France；　became　the　principles　of　the　French
  Revolution。　　From　England　went　forth　the　philosophy　of　Locke；　with
  all　its　immense　results。　　It　is　noteworthy；　that　when　Voltaire　tries
  to　persuade　people；　in　a　certain　famous　passage；　that　philosophers
  do　not　care　to　trouble　the　worldof　the　ten　names　to　whom　he　does
  honour；　seven　names　are　English。　　〃It　is；〃　he　says；　〃neither
  Montaigne；　nor　Locke；　nor　Boyle；　nor　Spinoza；　nor　Hobbes；　nor　Lord
  Shaftesbury；　nor　Mr。　Collins；　nor　Mr。　Toland；　nor　Fludd；　nor　Baker；
  who　have　carried　the　torch　of　discord　into　their　countries。〃　　It　is
  worth　notice；　that　not　only　are　the　majority　of　these　names　English；
  but　that　they　belong　not　to　the　latter　but　to　the　former　half　of　the
  eighteenth　century；　and　indeed；　to　the　latter　half　of　the
  seventeenth。
  So　it　was　with　that　Inductive　Physical　Science；　which　helped　more
  than　all　to　break　up　the　superstitions　of　the　Ancien　Regime；　and　to
  set　man　face　to　face　with　the　facts　of　the　universe。　　From　England；
  towards　the　end　of　the　seventeenth　century；　it　was　promulgated　by
  such　men　as　Newton；　Boyle；　Sydenham；　Ray；　and　the　first　founders　of
  our　Royal　Society。
  In　England；　too；　arose　the　great　religious　movements　of　the
  seventeenth　and　eighteenth　centuriesand　especially　that　of　a　body
  which　I　can　never　mention　without　most　deep　respectthe　Society　of
  Friends。　　At　a　time　when　the　greater　part　of　the　Continent　was　sunk
  in　spiritual　sleep；　these　men　were　reasserting　doctrines　concerning
  man；　and　his　relation　to　his　Creator；　which；　whether　or　not　all
  believe　them　（as　I　believe　them）　to　be　founded　on　eternal　fact；　all
  must　confess　to　have　been　of　incalculable　benefit　to　the　cause　of
  humanity　and　civilisation。
  From　England；　finally；　about　the　middle　of　the　eighteenth　century；
  went　forthpromulgated　by　English　noblementhat　freemasonry　which
  seems　to　have　been　the　true　parent　of　all　the　secret　societies　of
  Europe。　　Of　this　curious　question；　more　hereafter。　　But　enough　has
  been　said　to　show　that　England；　instead　of　falling；　at　any　period；
  into　the　stagnation　of　the　Ancien　Regime；　was；　from　the　middle　of
  the　seventeenth　century；　in　a　state　of　intellectual　growth　and
  ferment　which　communicated　itself　finally　to　the　continental
  nations。　　This　is　the　special　honour　of　England；　universally
  confessed　at　the　time。　　It　was　to　England　that　the　slowly…awakening
  nations　looked；　as　the　source　of　all　which　was　noble；　true；　and
  free；　in　the　dawning　future。
  It　will　be　seen；　from　what　I　have　said；　that　I　consider　the　Ancien
  Regime　to　begin　in　the　seventeenth　century。　　I　should　date　its
  commencementas　far　as　that　of　anything　so　vague；　unsystematic；
  indeed　anarchic；　can　be　definedfrom　the　end　of　the　Thirty　Years'
  War；　and　the　peace　of　Westphalia　in　1648。
  For　by　that　time　the　mighty　spiritual　struggles　and　fierce　religious
  animosities　of　the　preceding　century　had　worn　themselves　out。　　And；
  as　always　happens；　to　a　period　of　earnest　excitement　had　succeeded
  one　of　weariness；　disgust；　half…unbelief　in　the　many　questions　for
  which　so　much　blood　had　been　shed。　　No　man　had　come　out　of　the
  battle　with　altogether　clean　hands；　some　not　without　changing　sides
  more　than　once。　　The　war　had　ended　as　one；　not　of　nations；　not　even
  of　zealots；　but　of　mercenaries。　　The　body　of　Europe　had　been　pulled
  in　pieces　between　them　all；　and　the　poor　soul　thereofas　was　to　be
  expectedhad　fled　out　through　the　gaping　wounds。　　Life；　mere
  existence；　was　the　most　pressing　need。　　If　men　couldin　the　old
  prophet's　wordsfind　the　life　of　their　hand；　they　were　content。
  High　and　low　only　asked　to　be　let　live。　　The　poor　asked　it
  slaughtered　on　a　hundred　battle…fields；　burnt　out　of　house　and　home：
  vast　tracts　of　the　centre　of　Europe　were　lying　desert；　the
  population　was　diminished　for　several　generations。　　The　trading
  classes；　ruined　by　the　long　war；　only　asked　to　be　let　live；　and　make
  a　little　money。　　The　nobility；　too；　only　asked　to　be　let　live。　　They
  had　lost；　in　the　long　struggle；　not　only　often　lands　and　power；　but
  their　ablest　and　bravest　men；　and　a　weaker　and　meaner　generation　was
  left　behind；　to　do　the　governing　of　the　world。　　Let　them　live；　and
  keep　what　they　had。　　If　signs　of　vigour　still　appeared　in　Fran