rational　activity　began；　say；　fifty　years　ago；　and　in　the　course　of
  those　fifty　years　we　have　made　so　many　great　men；　that　there　are
  about　ten　great　men　to　every　branch　of　science。　　And　there　have　come
  to　be　so　many　sciences；　that；　fortunately；　it　is　easy　to　make　them。
  All　that　is　required　is　to　add　the　Greek　word　〃logy〃　to　the　name；
  and　force　them　to　conform　to　a　set　rubric；　and　the　science　is　all
  complete。　　They　have　created　so　many　sciences；　that　not　only　can　no
  one　man　know　them　all；　but　not　a　single　individual　can　remember　all
  the　titles　of　all　the　existing　sciences；　the　titles　alone　form　a
  thick　lexicon；　and　new　sciences　are　manufactured　every　day。　　They
  have　been　manufactured　on　the　pattern　of　that　Finnish　teacher　who
  taught　the　landed　proprietor's　children　Finnish　instead　of　French。
  Every　thing　has　been　excellently　inculcated；　but　there　is　one
  objection；that　no　one　except　ourselves　can　understand　any　thing　of
  it；　and　all　this　is　reckoned　as　utterly　useless　nonsense。　　However；
  there　is　an　explanation　even　for　this。　　People　do　not　appreciate　the
  full　value　of　scientific　science；　because　they　are　under　the
  influence　of　the　theological　period；　that　profound　period　when　all
  the　people；　both　among　the　Hebrews；　and　the　Chinese；　and　the
  Indians；　and　the　Greeks；　understood　every　thing　that　their　great
  teachers　said　to　them。
  But；　from　whatever　cause　this　has　come　about；　the　fact　remains；　that
  sciences　and　arts　have　always　existed　among　mankind；　and；　when　they
  really　did　exist；　they　were　useful　and　intelligible　to　all　the
  people。　　But　we　practise　something　which　we　call　science　and　art；
  but　it　appears　that　what　we　do　is　unnecessary　and　unintelligible　to
  man。　　And　hence；　however　beautiful　may　be　the　things　that　we
  accomplish；　we　have　no　right　to　call　them　arts　and　sciences。
  CHAPTER　VI。
  〃But　you　only　furnish　a　different　definition　of　arts　and　sciences；
  which　is　stricter；　and　is　incompatible　with　science；〃　I　shall　be
  told　in　answer　to　this；　〃nevertheless；　scientific　and　artistic
  activity　does　still　exist。　　There　are　the　Galileos；　Brunos；　Homers；
  Michael　Angelos；　Beethovens；　and　all　the　lesser　learned　men　and
  artists；　who　have　consecrated　their　entire　lives　to　the　service　of
  science　and　art；　and　who　were；　and　will　remain；　the　benefactors　of
  mankind。〃
  Generally　this　is　what　people　say；　striving　to　forget　that　new
  principle　of　the　division　of　labor；　on　the　basis　of　which　science
  and　art　now　occupy　their　privileged　position；　and　on　whose　basis　we
  are　now　enabled　to　decide　without　grounds；　but　by　a　given　standard：
  Is　there；　or　is　there　not；　any　foundation　for　that　activity　which
  calls　itself　science　and　art；　to　so　magnify　itself？
  When　the　Egyptian　or　the　Grecian　priests　produced　their　mysteries；
  which　were　unintelligible　to　any　one；　and　stated　concerning　these
  mysteries　that　all　science　and　all　art　were　contained　in　them；　I
  could　not　verify　the　reality　of　their　science　on　the　basis　of　the
  benefit　procured　by　them　to　the　people；　because　science；　according
  to　their　assertions；　was　supernatural。　　But　now　we　all　possess　a
  very　simple　and　clear　definition　of　the　activity　of　art　and　science；
  which　excludes　every　thing　supernatural：　　science　and　art　promise　to
  carry　out　the　mental　activity　of　mankind；　for　the　welfare　of
  society；　or　of　all　the　human　race。
  The　definition　of　scientific　science　and　art　is　entirely　correct；
  but；　unfortunately；　the　activity　of　the　present　arts　and　sciences
  does　not　come　under　this　head。　　Some　of　them　are　directly　injurious；
  others　are　useless；　others　still　are　worthless；good　only　for　the
  wealthy。　　They　do　not　fulfil　that　which；　by　their　own　definition；
  they　have　undertaken　to　accomplish；　and　hence　they　have　as　little
  right　to　regard　themselves　as　men　of　art　and　science；　as　a　corrupt
  priesthood；　which　does　not　fulfil　the　obligations　which　it　has
  assumed；　has　the　right　to　regard　itself　as　the　bearer　of　divine
  truth。
  And　it　can　be　understood　why　the　makers　of　the　present　arts　and
  sciences　have　not　fulfilled；　and　cannot　fulfil；　their　vocation。
  They　do　not　fulfil　it；　because　out　of　their　obligations　they　have
  erected　a　right。
  Scientific　and　artistic　activity；　in　its　real　sense；　is　only
  fruitful　when　it　knows　no　rights；　but　recognizes　only　obligations。
  Only　because　it　is　its　property　to　be　always　thus；　does　mankind　so
  highly　prize　this　activity。　　If　men　really　were　called　to　the
  service　of　others　through　artistic　work；　they　would　see　in　that　work
  only　obligation；　and　they　would　fulfil　it　with　toil；　with
  privations；　and　with　self…abnegation。
  The　thinker　or　the　artist　will　never　sit　calmly　on　Olympian　heights；
  as　we　have　become　accustomed　to　represent　them　to　ourselves。　　The
  thinker　or　the　artist　should　suffer　in　company　with　the　people；　in
  order　that　he　may　find　salvation　or　consolation。　　Besides　this；　he
  will　suffer　because　he　is　always　and　eternally　in　turmoil　and
  agitation：　　he　might　decide　and　say　that　that　which　would　confer
  welfare　on　men；　would　free　them　from　suffering；　would　afford　them
  consolation；　but　he　has　not　said　so；　and　has　not　presented　it　as　he
  should　have　done；　he　has　not　decided；　and　he　has　not　spoken；　and　to…
  morrow；　possibly；　it　will　be　too　late；he　will　die。　　And　therefore
  suffering　and　self…sacrifice　will　always　be　the　lot　of　the　thinker
  and　the　artist。
  Not　of　this　description　will　be　the　thinker　and　artist　who　is　reared
  in　an　establishment　where；　apparently；　they　manufacture　the　learned
  man　or　the　artist　（but　in　point　of　fact；　they　manufacture　destroyers
  of　science　and　of　art）；　who　receives　a　diploma　and　a　certificate；
  who　would　be　glad　not　to　think　and　not　to　express　that　which　is
  imposed　on　his　soul；　but　who　cannot　avoid　doing　that　to　which　two
  irresistible　forces　draw　him；an　inward　prompting；　and　the　demand
  of　men。
  There　will　be　no　sleek；　plump；　self…satisfied　thinkers　and　artists。
  Spiritual　activity；　and　its　expression；　which　are　actually　necessary
  to　others；　are　the　most　burdensome　of　all　man's　avocations；　a　cross；
  as　the　Gospels　phrase　it。　　And　the　sole　indubitable　sign　of　the
  presence　of　a　vocation　is　self…devotion；　the　sacrifice　of　self　for
  the　manifestation　of　the　power　that　is　imposed　upon　man　for　the
  benefit　of　others。
  It　is　possible　to　study　out　how　many　beetles　there　are　in　the　world；
  to　view　the　spots　on　the　sun；　to　write　romances　and　operas；　without
  suffering；　but　it　is　impossible；　without　self…sacrifice；　to　instruct
  people　in　their　true　happiness；　which　consists　solely　in
  renunciation　of　self　and　the　service　of　others；　and　to　give　strong
  expression　to　this　doctrine；　without　self…sacrifice。
  Christ　did　not　die　on　the　cross　in　vain；　not　in　vain　does　the
  sacrifice　of　suffering　conquer　all　things。
  But　our　art　and　science　are　provided　with　certificates　and　diplomas；
  and　the　only　anxiety　of　all　men　is；　how　to　still　better　guarantee
  them；　i。e。；　how　to　render　the　service　of　the　people　impracticable
  for　them。
  True　art　and　true　science　possess　two　unmistakable　marks：　　the
  first；　an　inward　mark；　which　is　this；　that　the　servitor　of　art　and
  science　will　fulfil　his　vocation；　not　for　profit　but　with　self…
  sacrifice；　and　the　second；　an　external　sign；his　productions　will
  be　intelligible　to　all　the　people　whose　welfare　he　has　in　view。
  No　matter　what　people　have　fixed　upon　as　their　vocation　and　their
  welfare；　science　will　be　the　doctrine　of　this　vocation　and　welfare；
  and　art　will　be　the　expression　of　that　doctrine。　　That　which　is
  called　science　and　art；　among　us；　is　the　product　of　idle　minds　and
  feelings；　which　have　for　their　object　to　tickle　similar　idle　minds
  and　feelings。　　Our　arts　and　sciences　are　incomprehensible；　and　say
  nothing　to　the　people；　for　they　have　not　the　welfare　of　the　common
  people　in　view。
  Ever　since　the　life　of　men　has　been　known　to　us；　we　find；　always　and
  everywhere；　the　reigning　doctrine　falsely　designating　itself　as
  science；　not　manifesting　itself　to　the　common　people；　but　obscuring
  for　them　the　meaning　of　life。　　Thus　it　was　among　the　Greeks　the
  sophists；　then　among　the　Christians　the　mystics；　gnostics；
  scholastics；　among　the　Hebrews　the　Talmudists　and　Cabalists；　and　so
  on　everywhere；　down　to　our　own　times。
  How　fortunate　it　is　for　us　that　we　live　in　so　peculiar　an　age；　when
  that　mental　activity　which　calls　itself　science；　not　only　does　not
  err；　but　finds　itself；　as　we　are　assured；　in　a　remarkably
  flourishing　condition！　　Does　not　this　peculiar　good　fortune　arise
  from　the　fact　that　man　can　not　and　will　not　see　his　own　hideousness？
  Why　is　there　nothing　left　of　those　sciences；　and　sophists；　and
  Cabalists；　and　Talmudists；　but　words；　while　we　are　so　exceptionally
  happy？　　Surely　the　signs　are　identical。　　There　is　the　same　self…
  satisfaction　and　blind　confidence　that　we；　precisely　we；　and　only
  we；　are　on　the　right　path；　and　that　the　real　thing　is　only　beginning
  with　us。　　There　is　the　same　expectation　that　we　shall　discover
  something　remarkable；　and　that　chief　sign　which　leads　us　astray
  convicts　us　of　our　error：　　all　our　wisdom　remains　with　us；　and　the
  common　people　do　not　understand；　and　do　not　accept；　and　do　not　need
  it。
  Our　position　is　a　very　difficult　one；　but　why　not　look　at　it
  squarely？
  It　is　time　to　re