come　to　an　end。
  Men　stand　beside　a　constantly　swelling　spring　of　water；　and　are
  occupied　with　the　problem　of　diverting　it　to　one　side；　away　from　the
  thirsty　people；　and　they　assert　that　they　are　producing　this　water；
  and　that　soon　enough　will　be　collected　for　all。　　But　this　water
  which　has　flowed；　and　which　still　flows　unceasingly；　and　nourishes
  all　mankind；　not　only　is　not　the　result　of　the　activity　of　the　men
  who；　standing　at　its　source；　turn　it　aside；　but　this　water　flows　and
  gushes　out；　in　spite　of　the　efforts　of　these　men　to　obstruct　its
  flow。
  There　have　always　existed　a　true　science；　and　a　true　art；　but　true
  science　and　art　are　not　such　because　they　called　themselves　by　that
  name。　　It　always　seems　to　those　who　claim　at　any　given　period　to　be
  the　representatives　of　science　and　art；　that　they　have　performed；
  and　are　performing；　andmost　of　allthat　they　will　presently
  perform；　the　most　amazing　marvels；　and　that　beside　them　there　never
  has　been　and　there　is　not　any　science　or　any　art。　　Thus　it　seemed　to
  the　sophists；　the　scholastics；　the　alchemists；　the　cabalists；　the
  talmudists；　and　thus　it　seems　to　our　own　scientific　science；　and　to
  our　art　for　the　sake　of　art。
  CHAPTER　V。
  〃But　art；science！　　You　repudiate　art　and　science；　that　is；　you
  repudiate　that　by　which　mankind　lives！〃　　People　are　constantly
  making　thisit　is　not　a　replyto　me；　and　they　employ　this　mode　of
  reception　in　order　to　reject　my　deductions　without　examining　into
  them。　　〃He　repudiates　science　and　art；　he　wants　to　send　people　back
  again　into　a　savage　state；　so　what　is　the　use　of　listening　to　him
  and　of　talking　to　him？〃　　But　this　is　unjust。　　I　not　only　do　not
  repudiate　art　and　science；　but；　in　the　name　of　that　which　is　true
  art　and　true　science；　I　say　that　which　I　do　say；　merely　in　order
  that　mankind　may　emerge　from　that　savage　state　into　which　it　will
  speedily　fall；　thanks　to　the　erroneous　teaching　of　our　time；only
  for　this　purpose　do　I　say　that　which　I　say。
  Art　and　science　are　as　indispensable　as　food　and　drink　and
  clothing；more　indispensable　even；　but　they　become　so；　not　because
  we　decide　that　what　we　designate　as　art　and　science　are
  indispensable；　but　simply　because　they　really　are　indispensable　to
  people。
  Surely；　if　hay　is　prepared　for　the　bodily　nourishment　of　men；　the
  fact　that　we　are　convinced　that　hay　is　the　proper　food　for　man　will
  not　make　hay　the　food　of　man。　　Surely　I　cannot　say；　〃Why　do　not　you
  eat　hay；　when　it　is　the　indispensable　food？〃　　Food　is　indispensable；
  but　it　may　happen　that　that　which　I　offer　is　not　food　at　all。　　This
  same　thing　has　occurred　with　our　art　and　science。　　It　seems　to　us；
  that　if　we　add　to　a　Greek　word　the　word　〃logy；〃　and　call　that　a
  science；　it　will　be　a　science；　and；　if　we　call　any　abominable　thing…
  …like　the　dancing　of　nude　femalesby　a　Greek　word；　choreography；
  that　that　is　art；　and　that　it　will　be　art。　　But　no　matter　how　much
  we　may　say　this；　the　business　with　which　we　occupy　ourselves　when　we
  count　beetles；　and　investigate　the　chemical　constituents　of　the
  stars　in　the　Milky　Way；　when　we　paint　nymphs　and　compose　novels　and
  symphonies；our　business　will　not　become　either　art　or　science
  until　such　time　as　it　is　accepted　by　those　people　for　whom　it　is
  wrought。
  If　it　were　decided　that　only　certain　people　should　produce　food；　and
  if　all　the　rest　were　forbidden　to　do　this；　or　if　they　were　rendered
  incapable　of　producing　food；　I　suppose　that　the　quality　of　food
  would　be　lowered。　　If　the　people　who　enjoyed　the　monopoly　of
  producing　food　were　Russian　peasants；　there　would　be　no　other　food
  than　black　bread　and　cabbage…soup；　and　so　on；　and　kvas；nothing
  except　what　they　like；　and　what　is　agreeable　to　them。　　The　same
  thing　would　happen　in　the　case　of　that　loftiest　human　pursuit；　of
  arts　and　sciences；　if　one　caste　were　to　arrogate　to　itself　a
  monopoly　of　them：　　but　with　this　sole　difference；　that；　in　the
  matter　of　bodily　food；　there　can　be　no　great　departure　from　nature；
  and　bread　and　cabbage…soup；　although　not　very　savory　viands；　are　fit
  for　consumption；　but　in　spiritual　food；　there　may　exist　the　very
  greatest　departures　from　nature；　and　some　people　may　feed　themselves
  for　a　long　time　on　poisonous　spiritual　nourishment；　which　is
  directly　unsuitable　for；　or　injurious　to；　them；　they　may　slowly　kill
  themselves　with　spiritual　opium　or　liquors；　and　they　may　offer　this
  same　food　to　the　masses。
  It　is　this　very　thing　that　is　going　on　among　us。　　And　it　has　come
  about　because　the　position　of　men　of　science　and　art　is　a　privileged
  one；　because　art　and　science　（in　our　day）；　in　our　world；　are　not　at
  all　a　rational　occupation　of　all　mankind　without　exception；　exerting
  their　best　powers　for　the　service　of　art　and　science；　but　an
  occupation　of　a　restricted　circle　of　people　holding　a　monopoly　of
  these　industries；　and　entitling　themselves　men　of　art　and　science；
  and　who　have；　therefore；　perverted　the　very　idea　of　art　and　science；
  and　have　lost　all　the　meaning　of　their　vocation；　and　who　are　only
  concerned　in　amusing　and　rescuing　from　crushing　ennui　their　tiny
  circle　of　idle　mouths。
  Ever　since　men　have　existed；　they　have　always　had　science　and　art　in
  the　simplest　and　broadest　sense　of　the　term。　　Science；　in　the　sense
  of　the　whole　of　knowledge　acquired　by　mankind；　exists　and　always　has
  existed；　and　life　without　it　is　not　conceivable；　and　there　is　no
  possibility　of　either　attacking　or　defending　science；　taken　in　this
  sense。
  But　the　point　lies　here；that　the　scope　of　the　knowledge　of　all
  mankind　as　a　whole　is　so　multifarious；　ranging　from　the　knowledge　of
  how　to　extract　iron　to　the　knowledge　of　the　movements　of　the
  planets；　that　man　loses　himself　in　this　multitude　of　existing
  knowledge；knowledge　capable　of　ENDLESS　possibilities；　if　he　have
  no　guiding　thread；　by　the　aid　of　which　he　can　classify　this
  knowledge；　and　arrange　the　branches　according　to　the　degrees　of
  their　significance　and　importance。
  Before　a　man　undertakes　to　learn　any　thing　whatever；　he　must　make　up
  his　mind　that　that　branch　of　knowledge　is　of　weight　to　him；　and　of
  more　weight　and　importance　than　the　countless　other　objects　of　study
  with　which　he　is　surrounded。　　Before　undertaking　the　study　of　any
  thing；　a　man　decides　for　what　purpose　he　is　studying　this　subject；
  and　not　the　others。　　But　to　study　every　thing；　as　the　men　of
  scientific　science　in　our　day　preach；　without　any　idea　of　what　is　to
  come　out　of　such　study；　is　downright　impossible；　because　the　number
  of　subjects　of　study　is　ENDLESS；　and　hence；　no　matter　how　many
  branches　we　may　acquire；　their　acquisition　can　possess　no
  significance　or　reason。　　And；　therefore；　in　ancient　times；　down　to
  even　a　very　recent　date；　until　the　appearance　of　scientific　science；
  man's　highest　wisdom　consisted　in　finding　that　guiding　thread；
  according　to　which　the　knowledge　of　men　should　be　classified　as
  being　of　primary　or　of　secondary　importance。　　And　this　knowledge；
  which　forms　the　guide　to　all　other　branches　of　knowledge；　men　have
  always　called　science　in　the　strictest　acceptation　of　the　word。　　And
  such　science　there　has　always　been；　even　down　to　our　own　day；　in　all
  human　communities　which　have　emerged　from　their　primal　state　of
  savagery。
  Ever　since　mankind　has　existed；　teachers　have　always　arisen　among
  peoples；　who　have　enunciated　science　in　this　restricted　sense；the
  science　of　what　it　is　most　useful　for　man　to　know。　　This　science　has
  always　had　for　its　object　the　knowledge　of　what　is　the　true　ground
  of　the　well…being　of　each　individual　man；　and　of　all　men；　and　why。
  Such　was　the　science　of　Confucius；　of　Buddha；　of　Socrates；　of
  Mahomet；　and　of　others；　such　is　this　science　as　they　understood　it；
  and　as　all　menwith　the　exception　of　our　little　circle　of　so…called
  cultured　peopleunderstand　it。　　This　science　has　not　only　always
  occupied　the　highest　place；　but　has　been　the　only　and　sole　science；
  from　which　the　standing　of　the　rest　has　been　determined。　　And　this
  was　the　case；　not　in　the　least　because；　as　the　so…called　scientific
  people　of　our　day　think；　cunning　priestly　teachers　of　this　science
  attributed　to　it　such　significance；　but　because　in　reality；　as　every
  one　knows；　both　by　personal　experience　and　by　reflection；　there　can
  be　no　science　except　the　science　of　that　in　which　the　destiny　and
  welfare　of　man　consist。　　For　the　objects　of　science　are　INCALCULABLE
  in　number；I　undermine　the　word　〃incalculable〃　in　the　exact　sense
  in　which　I　understand　it；and　without　the　knowledge　of　that　in
  which　the　destiny　and　welfare　of　all　men　consist；　there　is　no
  possibility　of　making　a　choice　amid　this　interminable　multitude　of
  subjects；　and　therefore；　without　this　knowledge；　all　other　arts　and
  branches　of　learning　will　become；　as　they　have　become　among　us；　an
  idle　and　hurtful　diversion。
  Mankind　has　existed　and　existed；　and　never　has　it　existed　without
  the　science　of　that　in　which　the　destiny　and　the　welfare　of　men
  consist。　　It　is　true　that　the　science　of　the　welfare　of　men　appears
  different　on　superficial　observation；　among　the　Buddhists；　the
  Brahmins；　the　Hebrews；　the　Confucians；　the　Tauists；　but
  nevertheless；　wherever　we　hear　of　men　who　have　emerged　from　a　state
  of　savagery；　we　find　this　science。　　And　all　of　a　sudden　i