the　people　say　that　this　matter　has　been；　as　yet；　but　little
  developed。　　Evidently　it　has　been　but　little　developed；　because　if
  （which　God　forbid！）　it　had　been　developed；　and　that　through
  oppressing　the　people；instead　of　two　doctors；　midwives；　and
  practitioners　in　a　district；　twenty　would　have　settled　down；　since
  they　desire　this；　and　half　the　people　would　have　died　through　the
  difficulty　of　supporting　this　medical　staff；　and　soon　there　would　be
  no　one　to　heal。
  Scientific　co…operation　with　the　people；　of　which　the　defenders　of
  science　talk；　must　be　something　quite　different。　　And　this　co…
  operation　which　should　exist　has　not　yet　begun。　　It　will　begin　when
  the　man　of　science；　technologist　or　physician；　will　not　consider　it
  legal　to　take　from　peopleI　will　not　say　a　hundred　thousand；　but
  even　a　modest　ten　thousand；　or　five　hundred　rubles　for　assisting
  them；　but　when　he　will　live　among　the　toiling　people；　under　the　same
  conditions；　and　exactly　as　they　do；　then　he　will　be　able　to　apply
  his　knowledge　to　the　questions　of　mechanics；　technics；　hygiene；　and
  the　healing　of　the　laboring　people。　　But　now　science；　supporting
  itself　at　the　expense　of　the　working…people；　has　entirely　forgotten
  the　conditions　of　life　among　these　people；　ignores　（as　it　puts　it）
  these　conditions；　and　takes　very　grave　offence　because　its　fancied
  knowledge　finds　no　adherents　among　the　people。
  The　domain　of　medicine；　like　the　domain　of　technical　science；　still
  lies　untouched。　　All　questions　as　to　how　the　time　of　labor　is　best
  divided；　what　is　the　best　method　of　nourishment；　with　what；　in　what
  shape；　and　when　it　is　best　to　clothe　one's　self；　to　shoe　one's　self；
  to　counteract　dampness　and　cold；　how　best　to　wash　one's　self；　to
  feed　the　children；　to　swaddle　them；　and　so　on；　in　just　those
  conditions　in　which　the　working…people　find　themselves；all　these
  questions　have　not　yet　been　propounded。
  The　same　is　the　case　with　the　activity　of　the　teachers　of　science；
  pedagogical　teachers。　　Exactly　in　the　same　manner　science　has　so
  arranged　this　matter；　that　only　wealthy　people　are　able　to　study
  science；　and　teachers；　like　technologists　and　physicians；　cling　to
  money。
  And　this　cannot　be　otherwise；　because　a　school　built　on　a　model　plan
  （as　a　general　rule；　the　more　scientifically　built　the　school；　the
  more　costly　it　is）；　with　pivot　chains；　and　globes；　and　maps；　and
  library；　and　petty　text…books　for　teachers　and　scholars　and
  pedagogues；　is　a　sort　of　thing　for　which　it　would　be　necessary　to
  double　the　taxes　in　every　village。　　This　science　demands。　　The
  people　need　money　for　their　work；　and　the　more　there　is　needed；　the
  poorer　they　are。
  Defenders　of　science　say：　　〃Pedagogy　is　even　now　proving　of
  advantage　to　the　people；　but　give　it　a　chance　to　develop；　and　then
  it　will　do　still　better。〃　　Yes；　if　it　does　develop；　and　instead　of
  twenty　schools　in　a　district　there　are　a　hundred；　and　all
  scientific；　and　if　the　people　support　these　schools；　they　will　grow
  poorer　than　ever；　and　they　will　more　than　ever　need　work　for　their
  children's　sake。　　〃What　is　to　be　done？〃　they　say　to　this。　　The
  government　will　build　the　schools；　and　will　make　education
  obligatory；　as　it　is　in　Europe；　but　again；　surely；　the　money　is
  taken　from　the　people　just　the　same；　and　it　will　be　harder　to　work；
  and　they　will　have　less　leisure　for　work；　and　there　will　be　no
  education　even　by　compulsion。　　Again　the　sole　salvation　is　this：
  that　the　teacher　should　live　under　the　conditions　of　the　working…
  men；　and　should　teach　for　that　compensation　which　they　give　him
  freely　and　voluntarily。
  Such　is　the　false　course　of　science；　which　deprives　it　of　the　power
  of　fulfilling　its　obligation；　which　is；　to　serve　the　people。
  But　in　nothing　is　this　false　course　of　science　so　obviously
  apparent；　as　in　the　vocation　of　art；　which；　from　its　very
  significance；　ought　to　be　accessible　to　the　people。　　Science　may
  fall　back　on　its　stupid　excuse；　that　science　acts　for　science；　and
  that　when　it　turns　out　learned　men　it　is　laboring　for　the　people；
  but　art；　if　it　is　art；　should　be　accessible　to　all　the　people；　and
  in　particular　to　those　in　whose　name　it　is　executed。　　And　our
  definition　of　art；　in　a　striking　manner；　convicts　those　who　busy
  themselves　with　art；　of　their　lack　of　desire；　lack　of　knowledge；　and
  lack　of　power；　to　be　useful　to　the　people。
  The　painter；　for　the　production　of　his　great　works；　must　have　a
  studio　of　at　least　such　dimensions　that　a　whole　association　of
  carpenters　（forty　in　number）　or　shoemakers；　now　sickening　or
  stifling　in　lairs；　would　be　able　to　work　in　it。　　But　this　is　not
  all；　he　must　have　a　model；　costumes；　travels。　　Millions　are　expended
  on　the　encouragement　of　art；　and　the　products　of　this　art　are　both
  incomprehensible　and　useless　to　the　people。　　Musicians；　in　order　to
  express　their　grand　ideas；　must　assemble　two　hundred　men　in　white
  neckties；　or　in　costumes；　and　spend　hundreds　of　thousands　of　rubles
  for　the　equipment　of　an　opera。　　And　the　products　of　this　art　cannot
  evoke　from　the　peopleeven　if　the　latter　could　at　any　time　enjoy
  itany　thing　except　amazement　and　ennui。
  Writersauthorsit　appears；　do　not　require　surroundings；　studios；
  models；　orchestras；　and　actors；　but　it　then　appears　that　the　author
  needs　（not　to　mention　comfort　in　his　quarters）　all　the　dainties　of
  life　for　the　preparation　of　his　great　works；　travels；　palaces；
  cabinets；　libraries；　the　pleasures　of　art；　visits　to　theatres；
  concerts；　the　baths；　and　so　on。　　If　he　does　not　earn　a　fortune　for
  himself；　he　is　granted　a　pension；　in　order　that　he　may　compose　the
  better。　　And　again；　these　compositions；　so　prized　by　us；　remain
  useless　lumber　for　the　people；　and　utterly　unserviceable　to　them。
  And　if　still　more　of　these　dealers　in　spiritual　nourishment　are
  developed　further；　as　men　of　science　desire；　and　a　studio　is　erected
  in　every　village；　if　an　orchestra　is　set　up；　and　authors　are
  supported　in　those　conditions　which　artistic　people　regard　as
  indispensable　for　themselves；I　imagine　that　the　working…classes
  will　sooner　take　an　oath　never　to　look　at　any　pictures；　never　to
  listen　to　a　symphony；　never　to　read　poetry　or　novels；　than　to　feed
  all　these　persons。
  And　why；　apparently；　should　art　not　be　of　service　to　the　people？　　In
  every　cottage　there　are　images　and　pictures；　every　peasant　man　and
  woman　sings；　many　own　harmonicas；　and　all　recite　stories　and　verses；
  and　many　read。　　It　is　as　if　those　two　things　which　are　made　for　each
  otherthe　lock　and　the　keyhad　parted　company；　they　have　sprung　so
  far　apart；　that　not　even　the　possibility　of　uniting　them　presents
  itself。　　Tell　the　artist　that　he　should　paint　without　a　studio；
  model；　or　costumes；　and　that　he　should　paint　five…kopek　pictures；
  and　he　will　say　that　that　is　tantamount　to　abandoning　his　art；　as　he
  understands　it。　　Tell　the　musician　that　he　should　play　on　the
  harmonica；　and　teach　the　women　to　sing　songs；　say　to　the　poet；　to
  the　author；　that　he　ought　to　cast　aside　his　poems　and　romances；　and
  compose　song…books；　tales；　and　stories；　comprehensible　to　the
  uneducated　people；they　will　say　that　you　are　mad。
  The　service　of　the　people　by　science　and　art　will　only　be　performed
  when　people；　dwelling　in　the　midst　of　the　common　folk；　and；　like　the
  common　folk；　putting　forward　no　demands；　claiming　no　rights；　shall
  offer　to　the　common　folk　their　scientific　and　artistic　services；　the
  acceptance　or　rejection　of　which　shall　depend　wholly　on　the　will　of
  the　common　folk。
  It　is　said　that　the　activity　of　science　and　art　has　aided　in　the
  forward　march　of　mankind；meaning　by　this　activity；　that　which　is
  now　called　by　that　name；　which　is　the　same　as　saying　that　an
  unskilled　banging　of　oars　on　a　vessel　that　is　floating　with　the
  tide；　which　merely　hinders　the　progress　of　the　vessel；　is　assisting
  the　movement　of　the　ship。　　It　only　retards　it。　　The　so…called
  division　of　labor；　which　has　become　in　our　day　the　condition　of
  activity　of　men　of　science　and　art；　was；　and　has　remained；　the　chief
  cause　of　the　tardy　forward　movement　of　mankind。
  The　proofs　of　this　lie　in　that　confession　of　all　men　of　science；
  that　the　gains　of　science　and　art　are　inaccessible　to　the　laboring
  masses；　in　consequence　of　the　faulty　distribution　of　riches。　　The
  irregularity　of　this　distribution　does　not　decrease　in　proportion　to
  the　progress　of　science　and　art；　but　only　increases。　　Men　of　art　and
  science　assume　an　air　of　deep　pity　for　this　unfortunate　circumstance
  which　does　not　depend　upon　them。　　But　this　unfortunate　circumstance
  is　produced　by　themselves；　for　this　irregular　distribution　of　wealth
  flows　solely　from　the　theory　of　the　division　of　labor。
  Science　maintains　the　division　of　labor　as　a　unalterable　law；　it
  sees　that　the　distribution　of　wealth；　founded　on　the　division　of
  labor；　is　wrong　and　ruinous；　and　it　affirms　that　its　activity；　which
  recognizes　the　division　of　labor；　will　lead　people　to　bliss。　　The
  result　is；　that　some　people　make　use　of　the　labor　of　others；　but
  that；　if　they　shall　make　use　of　the　labor　of　others　for　a　very　long
  period　of　time；　and　in　still　larger　measure；　then　this　wrongful
  distribution　of　wealth；　i。e。；　the　use　of　the　labor　of　others；　will
  come　to　an　end。
  Men　stand　beside　a　constantly　swelli