the　great　lid　of　the　jar　（3）　with　her　hands　and　scattered　all　these　and　her　thought　caused　sorrow　and　mischief　to　men。　　Only　Hope　remained　there　in　an　unbreakable　home　within　under　the　rim　of　the　great　jar；　and　did　not　fly　out　at　the　door；　for　ere　that；　the　lid　of　the　jar　stopped　her；　by　the　will　of　Aegis…holding　Zeus　who　gathers　the　clouds。　　But　the　rest；　countless　plagues；　wander　amongst　men；　for　earth　is　full　of　evils　and　the　sea　is　full。　　Of　themselves　diseases　come　upon　men　continually　by　day　and　by　night；　bringing　mischief　to　mortals　silently；　for　wise　Zeus　took　away　speech　from　them。　　So　is　there　no　way　to　escape　the　will　of　Zeus。
  （ll。　106…108）　Or　if　you　will；　I　will　sum　you　up　another　tale　well　and　skilfully　　and　do　you　lay　it　up　in　your　heart；　　how　the　gods　and　mortal　men　sprang　from　one　source。
  （ll。　109…120）　First　of　all　the　deathless　gods　who　dwell　on　Olympus　made　a　golden　race　of　mortal　men　who　lived　in　the　time　of　Cronos　when　he　was　reigning　in　heaven。　　And　they　lived　like　gods　without　sorrow　of　heart；　remote　and　free　from　toil　and　grief：　miserable　age　rested　not　on　them；　but　with　legs　and　arms　never　failing　they　made　merry　with　feasting　beyond　the　reach　of　all　evils。　　When　they　died；　it　was　as　though　they　were　overcome　with　sleep；　and　they　had　all　good　things；　for　the　fruitful　earth　unforced　bare　them　fruit　abundantly　and　without　stint。　　They　dwelt　in　ease　and　peace　upon　their　lands　with　many　good　things；　rich　in　flocks　and　loved　by　the　blessed　gods。
  （ll。　121…139）　But　after　earth　had　covered　this　generation　　they　are　called　pure　spirits　dwelling　on　the　earth；　and　are　kindly；　delivering　from　harm；　and　guardians　of　mortal　men；　for　they　roam　everywhere　over　the　earth；　clothed　in　mist　and　keep　watch　on　judgements　and　cruel　deeds；　givers　of　wealth；　for　this　royal　right　also　they　received；　　then　they　who　dwell　on　Olympus　made　a　second　generation　which　was　of　silver　and　less　noble　by　far。　　It　was　like　the　golden　race　neither　in　body　nor　in　spirit。　　A　child　was　brought　up　at　his　good　mother's　side　an　hundred　years；　an　utter　simpleton；　playing　childishly　in　his　own　home。　　But　when　they　were　full　grown　and　were　come　to　the　full　measure　of　their　prime；　they　lived　only　a　little　time　in　sorrow　because　of　their　foolishness；　for　they　could　not　keep　from　sinning　and　from　wronging　one　another；　nor　would　they　serve　the　immortals；　nor　sacrifice　on　the　holy　altars　of　the　blessed　ones　as　it　is　right　for　men　to　do　wherever　they　dwell。　　Then　Zeus　the　son　of　Cronos　was　angry　and　put　them　away；　because　they　would　not　give　honour　to　the　blessed　gods　who　live　on　Olympus。
  （ll。　140…155）　But　when　earth　had　covered　this　generation　also　　they　are　called　blessed　spirits　of　the　underworld　by　men；　and；　though　they　are　of　second　order；　yet　honour　attends　them　also　　Zeus　the　Father　made　a　third　generation　of　mortal　men；　a　brazen　race；　sprung　from　ash…trees　（4）；　and　it　was　in　no　way　equal　to　the　silver　age；　but　was　terrible　and　strong。　　They　loved　the　lamentable　works　of　Ares　and　deeds　of　violence；　they　ate　no　bread；　but　were　hard　of　heart　like　adamant；　fearful　men。　　Great　was　their　strength　and　unconquerable　the　arms　which　grew　from　their　shoulders　on　their　strong　limbs。　　Their　armour　was　of　bronze；　and　their　houses　of　bronze；　and　of　bronze　were　their　implements：　there　was　no　black　iron。　　These　were　destroyed　by　their　own　hands　and　passed　to　the　dank　house　of　chill　Hades；　and　left　no　name：　terrible　though　they　were；　black　Death　seized　them；　and　they　left　the　bright　light　of　the　sun。
  （ll。　156…169b）　But　when　earth　had　covered　this　generation　also；　Zeus　the　son　of　Cronos　made　yet　another；　the　fourth；　upon　the　fruitful　earth；　which　was　nobler　and　more　righteous；　a　god…like　race　of　hero…men　who　are　called　demi…gods；　the　race　before　our　own；　throughout　the　boundless　earth。　　Grim　war　and　dread　battle　destroyed　a　part　of　them；　some　in　the　land　of　Cadmus　at　seven…　gated　Thebe　when　they　fought　for　the　flocks　of　Oedipus；　and　some；　when　it　had　brought　them　in　ships　over　the　great　sea　gulf　to　Troy　for　rich…haired　Helen's　sake：　there　death's　end　enshrouded　a　part　of　them。　　But　to　the　others　father　Zeus　the　son　of　Cronos　gave　a　living　and　an　abode　apart　from　men；　and　made　them　dwell　at　the　ends　of　earth。　　And　they　live　untouched　by　sorrow　in　the　islands　of　the　blessed　along　the　shore　of　deep　swirling　Ocean；　happy　heroes　for　whom　the　grain…giving　earth　bears　honey…sweet　fruit　flourishing　thrice　a　year；　far　from　the　deathless　gods；　and　Cronos　rules　over　them　（5）；　for　the　father　of　men　and　gods　released　him　from　his　bonds。　　And　these　last　equally　have　honour　and　glory。
  （ll。　169c…169d）　And　again　far…seeing　Zeus　made　yet　another　generation；　the　fifth；　of　men　who　are　upon　the　bounteous　earth。
  （ll。　170…201）　Thereafter；　would　that　I　were　not　among　the　men　of　the　fifth　generation；　but　either　had　died　before　or　been　born　afterwards。　　For　now　truly　is　a　race　of　iron；　and　men　never　rest　from　labour　and　sorrow　by　day；　and　from　perishing　by　night；　and　the　gods　shall　lay　sore　trouble　upon　them。　　But；　notwithstanding；　even　these　shall　have　some　good　mingled　with　their　evils。　　And　Zeus　will　destroy　this　race　of　mortal　men　also　when　they　come　to　have　grey　hair　on　the　temples　at　their　birth　（6）。　　The　father　will　not　agree　with　his　children；　nor　the　children　with　their　father；　nor　guest　with　his　host；　nor　comrade　with　comrade；　nor　will　brother　be　dear　to　brother　as　aforetime。　　Men　will　dishonour　their　parents　as　they　grow　quickly　old；　and　will　carp　at　them；　chiding　them　with　bitter　words；　hard…hearted　they；　not　knowing　the　fear　of　the　gods。　　They　will　not　repay　their　aged　parents　the　cost　their　nurture；　for　might　shall　be　their　right：　and　one　man　will　sack　another's　city。　　There　will　be　no　favour　for　the　man　who　keeps　his　oath　or　for　the　just　or　for　the　good；　but　rather　men　will　praise　the　evil…doer　and　his　violent　dealing。　　Strength　will　be　right　and　reverence　will　cease　to　be；　and　the　wicked　will　hurt　the　worthy　man；　speaking　false　words　against　him；　and　will　swear　an　oath　upon　them。　　Envy；　foul…mouthed；　delighting　in　evil；　with　scowling　face；　will　go　along　with　wretched　men　one　and　all。　　And　then　Aidos　and　Nemesis　（7）；　with　their　sweet　forms　wrapped　in　white　robes；　will　go　from　the　wide…pathed　earth　and　forsake　mankind　to　join　the　company　of　the　deathless　gods：　and　bitter　sorrows　will　be　left　for　mortal　men；　and　there　will　be　no　help　against　evil。
  （ll。　202…211）　And　now　I　will　tell　a　fable　for　princes　who　themselves　understand。　　Thus　said　the　hawk　to　the　nightingale　with　speckled　neck；　while　he　carried　her　high　up　among　the　clouds；　gripped　fast　in　his　talons；　and　she；　pierced　by　his　crooked　talons；　cried　pitifully。　　To　her　he　spoke　disdainfully：　‘Miserable　thing；　why　do　you　cry　out？　　One　far　stronger　than　you　now　holds　you　fast；　and　you　must　go　wherever　I　take　you；　songstress　as　you　are。　　And　if　I　please　I　will　make　my　meal　of　you；　or　let　you　go。　　He　is　a　fool　who　tries　to　withstand　the　stronger；　for　he　does　not　get　the　mastery　and　suffers　pain　besides　his　shame。'　　So　said　the　swiftly　flying　hawk；　the　long…　winged　bird。
  （ll。　212…224）　But　you；　Perses；　listen　to　right　and　do　not　foster　violence；　for　violence　is　bad　for　a　poor　man。　　Even　the　prosperous　cannot　easily　bear　its　burden；　but　is　weighed　down　under　it　when　he　has　fallen　into　delusion。　　The　better　path　is　to　go　by　on　the　other　side　towards　justice；　for　Justice　beats　Outrage　when　she　comes　at　length　to　the　end　of　the　race。　　But　only　when　he　has　suffered　does　the　fool　learn　this。　　For　Oath　keeps　pace　with　wrong　judgements。　　There　is　a　noise　when　Justice　is　being　dragged　in　the　way　where　those　who　devour　bribes　and　give　sentence　with　crooked　judgements；　take　her。　　And　she；　wrapped　in　mist；　follows　to　the　city　and　haunts　of　the　people；　weeping；　and　bringing　mischief　to　men；　even　to　such　as　have　driven　her　forth　in　that　they　did　not　deal　straightly　with　her。
  （ll。　225…237）　But　they　who　give　straight　judgements　to　strangers　and　to　the　men　of　the　land；　and　go　not　aside　from　what　is　just；　their　city　flourishes；　and　the　people　prosper　in　it：　Peace；　the　nurse　of　children；　is　abroad　in　their　land；　and　all…seeing　Zeus　never　decrees　cruel　war　against　them。　　Neither　famine　nor　disaster　ever　haunt　men　who　do　true　justice；　but　light…heartedly　they　tend　the　fields　which　are　all　their　care。　　The　earth　bears　them　victual　in　plenty；　and　on　the　mountains　the　oak　bears　acorns　upon　the　top　and　bees　in　the　midst。　　Their　woolly　sheep　are　laden　with　fleeces；　their　women　bear　children　like　their　parents。　　They　flourish　continually　with　good　things；　and　do　not　travel　on　ships；　for　the　grain…giving　earth　bears　them　fruit。
  （ll。　238…247）　But　for　those　who　practise　violence　and　cruel　deeds　far…seeing　Zeus；　the　son　of　Cronos；　ordains　a　punishment。　　Often　even　a　whole　city　suffers　for　a　bad　man　who　sins　and　devises　presumptuous　deeds；　and　the　son　of　Cronos　lays　great　trouble　upon　the　people；　famine　and　plague　together；　so　that　the　men　perish　away；　and　their　women　do　not　bear　children；　and　their　houses　become　few；　through　the　contriving　of　Olympian　Zeus。　　And　again；　at　another　time；　the　son　of　Cronos　either　destroys　their　wide　army；　or　their　walls；　or　else　makes　an　end　of　their　ships　on　the　sea。
  （ll。　248…264）　You　princes；　mark　well　this