The　particular　characters；　the　habits；　the　cant　of　one　company；　may　give
  merit　to　a　word；　or　a　gesture；　which　would　have　none　at　all　if　divested
  of　those　accidental　circumstances。　　Here　people　very　commonly　err；　and
  fond　of　something　that　has　entertained　them　in　one　company；　and　in
  certain　circumstances；　repeat　it　with　emphasis　in　another；　where　it　is
  either　insipid；　or；　it　may　be；　offensive；　by　being　ill…timed　or
  misplaced。　　Nay；　they　often　do　it　with　this　silly　preamble；　〃I　will　tell
  you　an　excellent　thing〃；　or；　〃I　will　tell　you　the　best　thing　in　the
  world。〃　　This　raises　expectations；　which；　when　absolutely　disappointed；
  make　the　relater　of　this　excellent　thing　look；　very　deservedly；　like　a
  fool。
  If　you　would　particularly　gain　the　affection　and　friendship　of　particular
  people；　whether　men　or　women；　endeavor　to　find　out　the　predominant
  excellency；　if　they　have　one；　and　their　prevailing　weakness；　which
  everybody　has；　and　do　justice　to　the　one；　and　something　more　than　justice
  to　the　other。　　Men　have　various　objects　in　which　they　may　excel；　or　at
  least　would　be　thought　to　excel；　and；　though　they　love　to　hear　justice
  done　to　them；　where　they　know　that　they　excel；　yet　they　are　most　and　best
  flattered　upon　those　points　where　they　wish　to　excel；　and　yet　are
  doubtful　whether　they　do　or　not。　　As；　for　example；　Cardinal　Richelieu；
  who　was　undoubtedly　the　ablest　statesman　of　his　time；　or　perhaps　of　any
  other；　had　the　idle　vanity　of　being　thought　the　best　poet　too；　he　envied
  the　great　Corneille　his　reputation；　and　ordered　a　criticism　to　be　written
  upon　the　〃Cid。〃　　Those；　therefore；　who　flattered　skillfully；　said　little
  to　him　of　his　abilities　in　state　affairs；　or　at　least　but　'en　passant；'
  and　as　it　might　naturally　occur。　　But　the　incense　which　they　gave　him；
  the　smoke　of　which　they　knew　would　turn　his　head　in　their　favor；　was　as　a
  'bel　esprit'　and　a　poet。　　Why？　　Because　he　was　sure　of　one　excellency；
  and　distrustful　as　to　the　other。　　You　will　easily　discover　every　man's
  prevailing　vanity；　by　observing　his　favorite　topic　of　conversation；　for
  every　man　talks　most　of　what　he　has　most　a　mind　to　be　thought　to　excel
  in。　　Touch　him　but　there；　and　you　touch　him　to　the　quick。　　The　late　Sir
  Robert　Walpole　（who　was　certainly　an　able　man）　was　little　open　to
  flattery　upon　that　head；　for　he　was　in　no　doubt　himself　about　it；　but　his
  prevailing　weakness　was；　to　be　thought　to　have　a　polite　and　happy　turn　to
  gallantry；　of　which　he　had　undoubtedly　less　than　any　man　living：　it　was
  his　favorite　and　frequent　subject　of　conversation：　which　proved；　to　those
  who　had　any　penetration；　that　it　was　his　prevailing　weakness。　　And　they
  applied　to　it　with　success。
  Women　have；　in　general；　but　one　object；　which　is　their　beauty；　upon
  which；　scarce　any　flattery　is　too　gross　for　them　to　swallow。　　Nature　has
  hardly　formed　a　woman　ugly　enough　to　be　insensible　to　flattery　upon　her
  person；　if　her　face　is　so　shocking；　that　she　must　in　some　degree；　be
  conscious　of　it；　her　figure　and　her　air；　she　trusts；　make　ample　amends
  for　it。　　If　her　figure　is　deformed；　her　face；　she　thinks；　counterbalances
  it。　　If　they　are　both　bad；　she　comforts　herself　that　she　has　graces；　a
  certain　manner；　a　'je　ne　sais　quoi；'　still　more　engaging　than　beauty。
  This　truth　is　evident；　from　the　studied　and　elaborate　dress　of　the
  ugliest　women　in　the　world。　　An　undoubted；；　uncontested；　conscious
  beauty；　is　of　all　women；　the　least　sensible　of　flattery　upon　that　head；
  she　knows　that　it　is　her　due；　and　is　therefore　obliged　to　nobody　for
  giving　it　her。　　She　must　be　flattered　upon　her　understanding；　which；
  though　she　may　possibly　not　doubt　of　herself；　yet　she　suspects　that　men
  may　distrust。
  Do　not　mistake　me；　and　think　that　I　mean　to　recommend　to　you　abject　and
  criminal　flattery：　no；　flatter　nobody's　vices　or　crimes：　on　the　contrary；
  abhor　and　discourage　them。　　But　there　is　no　living　in　the　world　without　a
  complaisant　indulgence　for　people's　weaknesses；　and　innocent；　though
  ridiculous　vanities。　　If　a　man　has　a　mind　to　be　thought　wiser；　and　a
  woman　handsomer　than　they　really　are；　their　error　is　a　comfortable　one　to
  themselves；　and　an　innocent　one　with　regard　to　other　people；　and　I　would
  rather　make　them　my　friends；　by　indulging　them　in　it；　than　my　enemies；
  by　endeavoring　（and　that　to　no　purpose）　to　undeceive　them。
  There　are　little　attentions　likewise；　which　are　infinitely　engaging；
  and　which　sensibly　affect　that　degree　of　pride　and　self…love；　which　is
  inseparable　from　human　nature；　as　they　are　unquestionable　proofs　of　the
  regard　and　consideration　which　we　have　for　the　person　to　whom　we　pay
  them。　　As；　for　example；　to　observe　the　little　habits；　the　likings；　the
  antipathies；　and　the　tastes　of　those　whom　we　would　gain；　and　then　take
  care　to　provide　them　with　the　one；　and　to　secure　them　from　the　other；
  giving　them；　genteelly；　to　understand；　that　you　had　observed　that　they
  liked　such　a　dish；　or　such　a　room；　for　which　reason　you　had　prepared　it：
  or；　on　the　contrary；　that　having　observed　they　had　an　aversion　to　such　a
  dish；　a　dislike　to　such　a　person；　etc。；　you　had　taken　care　to　avoid
  presenting　them。　　Such　attention　to　such　trifles　flatters　self…love　much
  more　than　greater　things；　as　it　makes　people　think　themselves　almost　the
  only　objects　of　your　thoughts　and　care。
  These　are　some　of　the　arcana　necessary　for　your　initiation　in　the　great
  society　of　the　world。　　I　wish　I　had　known　them　better　at　your　age；　I　have
  paid　the　price　of　three…and…fifty　years　for　them；　and　shall　not　grudge
  it；　if　you　reap　the　advantage。　　Adieu。
  LETTER　XVIII
  LONDON；　October　30；　O。　S。　　1747
  DEAR　BOY：　I　am　very　well　pleased　with　your　'Itinerarium；'　which　you　sent
  me　from　Ratisbon。　　It　shows　me　that　you　observe　and　inquire　as　you　go；
  which　is　the　true　end　of　traveling。　　Those　who　travel　heedlessly　from
  place　to　place；　observing　only　their　distance　from　each　other；　and
  attending　only　to　their　accommodation　at　the　inn　at　night；　set　out　fools；
  and　will　certainly　return　so。　　Those　who　only　mind　the　raree…shows　of　the
  places　which　they　go　through；　such　as　steeples；　clocks；　town…houses；
  etc。；　get　so　little　by　their　travels；　that　they　might　as　well　stay　at
  home。　　But　those　who　observe；　and　inquire　into　the　situations；　the
  strength；　the　weakness；　the　trade；　the　manufactures；　the　government；　and
  constitution　of　every　place　they　go　to；　who　frequent　the　best　companies；
  and　attend　to　their　several　manners　and　characters；　those　alone　travel
  with　advantage；　and　as　they　set　out　wise；　return　wiser。
  I　would　advise　you　always　to　get　the　shortest　description　or　history　of
  every　place　where　you　make　any　stay；　and　such　a　book；　however　imperfect；
  will　still　suggest　to　you　matter　for　inquiry；　upon　which　you　may　get
  better　informations　from　the　people　of　the　place。　　For　example；　while　you
  are　at　Leipsig；　get　some　short　account　（and　to　be　sure　there　are　many
  such）　of　the　present　state　of　the　town；　with　regard　to　its　magistrates；
  its　police；　its　privileges；　etc。；　and　then　inform　yourself　more　minutely
  upon　all　those　heads　in；　conversation　with　the　most　intelligent　people。
  Do　the　same　thing　afterward　with　regard　to　the　Electorate　of　Saxony：　you
  will　find　a　short　history　of　it　in　Puffendorf's　Introduction；　which　will
  give　you　a　general　idea　of　it；　and　point　out　to　you　the　proper　objects　of
  a　more　minute　inquiry。　　In　short；　be　curious；　attentive；　inquisitive；　as
  to　everything；　listlessness　and　indolence　are　always　blameable；　but；　at
  your　age；　they　are　unpardonable。　　Consider　how　precious；　and　how
  important　for　all　the　rest　of　your　life；　are　your　moments　for　these　next
  three　or　four　years；　and　do　not　lose　one　of　them。　　Do　not　think　I　mean
  that　you　should　study　all　day　long；　I　am　far　from　advising　or　desiring
  it：　but　I　desire　that　you　would　be　doing　something　or　other　all　day　long；
  and　not　neglect　half　hours　and　quarters　of　hours；　which；　at　the；　year's
  end；　amount　to　a　great　sum。　　For　instance；　there　are　many　short　intervals
  during　the　day；　between　studies　and　pleasures：　instead　of　sitting　idle
  and　yawning；　in　those　intervals；　take　up　any　book；　though　ever　so
  trifling　a　one；　even　down　to　a　jest…book；　it　is　still　better　than　doing
  nothing。
  Nor　do　I　call　pleasures　idleness；　or　time　lost；　provided　they　are　the
  pleasures　of　a　rational　being；　on　the　contrary；　a　certain　portion　of　your
  time；　employed　in　those　pleasures；　is　very　usefully　employed。　　Such　are
  public　spectacles；　assemblies　of　good　company；　cheerful　suppers；　and　even
  balls；　but　then；　these　require　attention；　or　else　your　time　is　quite
  lost。
  There　are　a　great　many　people；　who　think　themselves　employed　all　day；
  and　who；　if　they　were　to　cast　up　their　accounts　at　night；　would　find
  that　they　had　done　just　nothing。　　They　have　read　two　or　three　hours
  mechanically；　without　attending　to　what　they　read；　and　consequently
  without　either　retaining　it；　or　reasoning　upon　it。　　From　thence　they
  saunter　into　company；　without　taking　any　part　in　it；　and　without
  observing　the　characters　of　the　persons；　or　the　subjects　of　the
  conversation；　but　are　either　thinking　of　some　trifle；　foreign　to　the
  present　purpose；　or　often　not　thinking　at　all；　which　silly　and　idle
  suspension　of　thought　they　would　dignify　with