第 11 节
作者:莫莫言      更新:2021-02-18 23:42      字数:9322
  ends。 Portsmouth has the honor; I believe; of establishing the first recorded
  pauper   workhousethough   not   in   connection   with   her   poets;   as   might
  naturally be supposed。 The building was completed and tenanted in 1716。
  Seven      years    later;   an   act   was     passed    in   England      authorizing      the
  establishment of parish workhouses there。 The first and only keeper of the
  Portsmouth almshouse up to 1750 was a womanRebecca Austin。
  Speaking of first things; we are told by Mr。 Nathaniel Adams; in his
  〃Annals of Portsmouth;〃 that on the 20th of April; 1761; Mr。 John Stavers
  began running a stage from that town to Boston。 The carriage was a two…
  horse   curricle;   wide   enough   to   accommodate   three   passengers。   The   fare
  was   thirteen   shillings   and   sixpence   sterling   per   head。   The   curricle   was
  presently   superseded   by   a   series   of   fat   yellow   coaches;   one   of   which
  nearly   a   century   later;   and   long   after   that   pleasant   mode   of   travel   had
  fallen   obsoletewas   the   cause   of   much   mental   tribulation   (1。   Some   idle
  reader   here   and   there   may   possibly   recall   the   burning   of   the   old   stage…
  coach in The Story of a Bad Boy。) to the writer of this chronicle。
  The     mail    and    the   newspaper       are    closely    associated     factors    in
  civilization; so I mention them together; though in this case the newspaper
  antedated the mail…coach about five years。  On October 7; 1756; the  first
  number   of   〃The   New   Hampshire   Gazette   and   Historical   Chronicle〃   was
  issued in Portsmouth from the press of Daniel Fowle; who in the previous
  July    had   removed      from   Boston;     where     he   had   undergone      a  brief   but
  uncongenial       imprisonment        on   suspicion    of   having    printed    a  pamphlet
  entitled 〃The Monster of Monsters; by Tom Thumb; Esq。;〃 an essay that
  contained        some      uncomplimentary          reflections      on    several      official
  personages。The 〃Gazette〃 was the pioneer journal of the province。 It was
  followed   at   the   close   of   the   same   year   by   〃The   Mercury   and   Weekly
  Advertiser;〃 published by a former apprentice of Fowle; a certain Thomas
  Furber;     backed     by   a  number      of   restless   Whigs;     who    considered      the
  〃Gazette〃   not   sufficiently   outspoken   in   the   cause   of   liberty。   Mr。   Fowle;
  however; contrived to hold his own until the day of his death。 Fowle had
  for    pressman     a   faithful   negro    named     Primus;     a  full…blooded     African。
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  Whether Primus was a freeman or a slave I am unable to state。 He lived to
  a   great   age;   and   was   a   prominent   figure   among   the   people   of   his   own
  color。
  Negro slavery was common in New England at that period。 In 1767;
  Portsmouth numbered in its population a hundred and eighty…eight slaves;
  male and female。 Their bondage; happily; was nearly always of a light sort;
  if   any   bondage      can   be   light。   They    were    allowed     to   have   a   kind   of
  government        of   their  own;    indeed;    were    encouraged       to  do   so;  and    no
  unreasonable   restrictions   were          placed   on   their   social   enjoyment。      They
  annually   elected   a   king   and   counselors;   and   celebrated   the   event   with   a
  procession。   The   aristocratic   feeling   was   highly   developed   in   them。   The
  rank of the master was the slave's rank。 There was a great deal of ebony
  standing      around    on   its  dignity    in  those    days。   For   example;      Governor
  Langdon's   manservant;   Cyrus   Bruce;   was   a   person   who   insisted   on   his
  distinction; and it was recognized。 His massive gold chain and seals; his
  cherry…colored small…clothes and silk stockings; his ruffles and silver shoe…
  buckles; were a tradition long after Cyrus himself was pulverized。
  In   cases   of   minor   misdemeanor   among   them;   the   negros   themselves
  were permitted to be judge and   jury。 Their administration of justice   was
  often   characteristically   naive。   Mr。   Brewster   gives   an   amusing   sketch   of
  one   of   their   sessions。  King   Nero   is on   the   bench;  and   one   Catowe   are
  nothing   if   not   classicalis   the   prosecuting   attorney。        The   name   of   the
  prisoner and the nature of his offense are not disclosed to posterity。 In the
  midst of the proceedings the hour of noon is clanged from the neighboring
  belfry of the Old North Church。 〃The evidence was not gone through with;
  but   the   servants   could   stay   no   longer   from   their   home   duties。   They   all
  wanted to see the whipping; but could not conveniently be present again
  after dinner。 Cato ventured to address the King: Please you Honor; best let
  the   fellow   have   his   whipping   now;   and   finish   the   trial   after   dinner。   The
  request seemed to be the general wish of the company: so Nero ordered
  ten lashes; for justice so far as the trial went; and ten more at the close of
  the trial; should he be found guilty!〃
  Slavery      in   New     Hampshire       was    never     legally    abolished;     unless
  Abraham   Lincoln   did   it。   The   State   itself   has   not   ever   pronounced   any
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  emancipation        edict。   During     the  Revolutionary       War    the   slaves    were
  generally emancipated by their masters。 That many of the negros; who had
  grown gray in service; refused their freedom; and elected to spend the rest
  of   their   lives  as  pensioners     in  the  families    of  their  late  owners;     is  a
  circumstance that illustrates the kindly ties which held between slave and
  master in the old colonial days in New England。
  The institution was accidental and superficial; and never had any real
  root in the Granite State。 If the Puritans could have found in the Scriptures
  any   direct   sanction   of   slavery;   perhaps   it   would   have   continued   awhile
  longer; for the Puritan carried his religion into the business affairs of life;
  he was not even able to keep it out of his bills of lading。 I cannot close this
  rambling chapter more appropriately and solemnly than by quoting from
  one of those same pious bills of landing。 It is dated June; 1726; and reads:
  〃Shipped by the grace of God in good order and well conditioned; by Wm。
  Pepperills   on   there   own   acct。   and   risque;   in   and   upon   the   good   Briga
  called the William; whereof is master under God for this present voyage
  George King; now riding at anchor in the river Piscataqua and by God's
  grace bound to Barbadoes。〃 Here follows a catalogue of the miscellaneous
  cargo; rounded off with: 〃And so God send the good Briga to her desired
  port in safety。 Amen。〃
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  VI。 SOME OLD PORTSMOUTH
  PROFILES
  I DOUBT if any New England town ever turned out so many eccentric
  characters as Portsmouth。 From 1640 down to about 1848 there must have
  been    something     in  the  air  of  the  place   that  generated    eccentricity。   In
  another chapter I shall explain why the conditions have not been favorable
  to the   development   of individual   singularity  during   the latter half   of   the
  present    century。   It  is  easier  to  do   that  than   fully  to  account    for  the
  numerous      queer    human     types   which    have   existed   from   time   to  time
  previous to that period。
  In   recently   turning   over   the   pages   of  Mr。   Brewster's    entertaining
  collection of Portsmouth sketches; I have been struck by the number and
  variety of the odd men and women who appear incidentally on the scene。
  They are; in the author's intention; secondary figures in the background of
  his   landscape;    but   they   stand   very   much    in  the  foreground     of   one's
  memory after the book is laid aside。 One finds one's self thinking quite as
  often of that squalid old hut…dweller up by Sagamore Creek as of General
  Washington;        who     visited   the    town     in   1789。    Conservatism       and
  respectability have their values; certainly; but has not the unconventional
  its values also? If we render unto that old hut…dweller the things which are
  that old hut…dweller's; we must concede him his picturesqueness。 He was
  dirty;   and   he   was   not   respecta