ed　as　a　Qualification　to　any　Office　or　public　Trust　under　the　United　States。　ARTICLE　VII。　The　Ratification　of　the　Conventions　of　nine　States；　shall　be　sufficient　for　the　Establishment　of　this　Constitution　between　the　States　so　ratifying　the　Same。　DONE　in　Convention　by　the　Unanimous　Consent　of　the　States　present　the　Seventeenth　Day　of　September　in　the　Year　of　our　Lord　one　thousand　seven　hundred　and　Eighty　seven；　and　of　the　Independance　of　the　United　States　of　America　the　Twelfth　In　Witness　whereof　We　have　hereunto　subscribed　our　Names；　GO：　WASHINGTONPresidt。　and　Deputy　from　Virginia。　New　Hampshire。　JOHN　LANGDON；　NICHOLAS　GILMAN　Massachusetts。　NATHANIEL　GORHAM；　RUFUS　KING　Connecticut。　WM。　SAML。　JOHNSON；　ROGER　SHERMAN　New　York。　ALEXANDER　HAMILTON　New　Jersey。　WIL：　LIVINGSTON；　DAVID　BREARLEY；　WM。　PATERSON；　JONA：　DAYTON　Pennsylvania。　B。　FRANKLIN；　THOMAS　MIFFLIN；　ROBT。　MORRIS；　GEO。　CLYMER；　THOS。　FITZSIMONS；　JARED　INGERSOLL；　JAMES　WILSON；　GOUV　MORRIS　Delaware。　GEO：　READ；　GUNNING　BEDFORD　JUN；　JOHN　DICKINSON；　RICHARD　BASSETT；　JACO：　BROOM　Maryland。　JAMES　MCHENRY；　DAN　OF　ST　THOS　JENIFER；　DANL。　CARROLL　Virginia。　JOHN　BLAIR　JAMES　MADISON　JR。　North　Carolina。　WM。　BLOUNT；　RICHD。　DOBBS　SPAIGHT；　HU　WILLIAMSON　South　Carolina。　J。　RUTLEDGE；　CHARLES　COTESWORTH　PINCKNEY；　CHARLES　PINCKNEY；　PIERCE　BUTLER　Georgia。　WILLIAM　FEW；　ABR　BALDWIN　Attest　　WILLIAM　JACKSON　Secretary　BIBLIOGRAPHICAL　NOTE　There　are　many　comprehensive　histories　which　include　the　period　covered　by　the　present　volume；　of　which　a　fewwithout　disparaging　the　otherare　deserving　of　mention　for　some　particular　reason。　David　Ramsay's　〃History　of　the　American　Revolution；〃　2　vols。　（1789；　and　subsequently　reprinted）；　gives　but　little　space　to　this　particular　period；　but　it　reveals　the　contemporary　point　of　view。　Richard　Hildreth's　〃History　of　the　United　States；〃　6　vols。　（1849…1852）；　is　another　early　work　that　is　still　of　value；　although　it　is　written　with　a　Federalist　bias。　J。　B。　McMaster's　〃History　of　the　People　of　the　United　States　from　the　Revolution　to　the　Civil　War；〃　8　vols。　（1883…1913）；　presents　a　kaleidoscopic　series　of　pictures　gathered　largely　from　contemporary　newspapers；　throwing　light　upon；　and　adding　color　to　the　story。　E。　M。　Avery's　〃History　of　the　United　States；〃　of　which　seven　volumes　have　been　published　（1904…1910）；　is　remarkable　for　its　illustrations　and　reproductions　of　prints；　documents；　and　maps。　Edward　Channing's　〃History　of　the　United　States；〃　of　which　four　volumes　have　appeared　（1905…1917）；　is　the　latest；　most　readable；　and　probably　the　best　of　these　comprehensive　histories。　Although　it　was　subsequently　published　as　Volume　VI　in　a　revised　edition　of　his　〃History　of　the　United　States　of　America；〃　George　Bancroft's　〃History　of　the　Formation　of　the　Constitution；〃　2　vols。　（1882）；　is　really　a　separate　work。　The　author　appears　at　his　best　in　these　volumes　and　has　never　been　entirely　superseded　by　later　writers。　G。　T。　Curtis's　〃History　of　the　Constitution　of　the　United　States；　〃2　vols。　（1854）；　which　also　subsequently　appeared　as　Volume　I　of　his　〃Constitutional　History　of　the　United　States；〃　is　one　of　the　standard　works；　but　does　not　retain　quite　the　same　hold　that　Bancroft's　volumes　do。　Of　the　special　works　more　nearly　covering　the　same　field　as　the　present　volume；　A。　C。　McLaughlin's　〃The　Confederation　and　the　Constitution〃　（1905）；　in　the　〃American　Nation；〃　is　distinctly　the　best。　John　Fiske's　〃Critical　Period　of　American　History〃　（1888）；　written　with　the　clearness　of　presentation　and　charm　of　style　which　are　characteristic　of　the　author；　is　an　interesting　and　readable　comprehensive　account。　Richard　Frothingham's　〃Rise　of　the　Republic　of　the　United　States〃　（1872；　6th　ed。1895）；　tracing　the　two　ideas　of　local　self…government　and　of　union；　begins　with　early　colonial　times　and　culminates　in　the　Constitution。　The　treaty　of　peace　opens　up　the　whole　field　of　diplomatic　history；　which　has　a　bibliography　of　its　own。　But　E。　S。　Corwin's　〃French　Policy　and　the　American　Alliance〃　（1916）　should　be　mentioned　as　the　latest　and　best　work；　although　it　lays　more　stress　upon　the　phases　indicated　by　the　title。　C。　H。　Van　Tyne's　〃Loyalists　in　the　American　Revolution〃　（1902）　remains　the　standard　work　on　this　subject；　but　special　studies　are　appearing　from　time　to　time　which　are　changing　our　point　of　view。　The　following　books　on　economic　and　industrial　aspects　are　not　for　popular　reading；　but　are　rather　for　reference：　E。　R。　Johnson　et　al。；　〃History　of　the　Domestic　and　Foreign　Commerce　of　the　United　States〃　2　vols。　（1915）；　V。　S。　Clark；　〃History　of　the　Manufactures　of　the　United　States；　1607…1860〃　（1916）。　G。　S。　Callender　has　written　short　introductions　to　the　various　chapters　of　his　〃Selections　from　the　Economic　History　of　the　United　States〃　（1909）；　which　are　brilliant　interpretations　of　great　value。　P。　J。　Treat's　〃The　National　Land　System；　1785…1820〃　（1910）；　gives　the　most　satisfactory　account　of　the　subject　indicated　by　the　title。　Of　entirely　different　character　is　Theodore　Roosevelt's　〃Winning　of　the　West；〃　4　vols。　（1889…96；　published　subsequently　in　various　editions）；　which　is　both　scholarly　and　of　fascinating　interest　on　the　subject　of　the　early　expansion　into　the　West。　On　the　most　important　subject　of　all；　the　formation　of　the　Constitution；　the　material　ordinarily　wanted　can　be　found　in　Max　Farrand's　〃Records　of　the　Federal　Convention；〃　3　vols。　（1910）；　and　the　author　has　summarized　the　results　of　his　studies　in　〃The　Framing　of　the　Constitution〃　（1913）。　C。　A。　Beard's　〃An　Economic　Interpretation　of　the　Constitution　of　the　United　States〃　（1913）　gives　some　interesting　and　valuable　facts　regarding　economic　aspects　of　the　formation　of　the　Constitution；　and　particularly　on　the　subject　of　investments　in　government　securities。　There　is　no　satisfactory　account　of　the　adoption　of　the　Constitution；　but　the　debates　in　many　of　the　State　conventions　are　included　in　Jonathan　Elliot's　〃Debates　on　the　Federal　Constitution；〃　5　vols。　（1836…1845；　subsequently　reprinted　in　many　editions）。　A　few　special　works　upon　the　adoption　of　the　Constitution　in　the　individual　States　may　be　mentioned：　H。　B。　Grigsby's　〃History　of　the　Virginia　Federal　Convention　of　1788；〃　Virginia　Historical　Society　Collections；　N。　S。；　IX　and　X（1890…91）；　McMaster　and　Stone's　〃Pennsylvania　and　the　Federal　Constitution；　1787…88〃　（1888）；　S。　B。　Harding's　〃Contest　over　the　Ratification　of　the　Federal　Constitution　in　the　State　of　Massachusetts〃（1896）；　O。　G。　Libby's　〃The　Geographical　Distribution　of　the　Vote　of　the　Thirteen　States　on　the　Federal　Constitution；　1787…1788〃　（University　of　Wisconsin；　〃Bulletin；　Economics；　Political　Science；　and　History　Series；〃　I；　No。　1；1894）。　Contemporary　differences　of　opinion　upon　the　Constitution　will　be　found　in　P。　L。　Ford's　〃Pamphlets　on　the　Constitution；〃　etc。　（1888）。　The　most　valuable　commentary　on　the　Constitution；　〃The　Federalist；〃　is　to　be　found　in　several　editions　of　which　the　more　recent　are　by　E。　H。　Scott　（1895）　and　P。　L。　Ford　（1898）。　A　large　part　of　the　so…called　original　documents　or　first…hand　sources　of　information　is　to　be　found　in　letters　and　private　papers　of　prominent　men。　For　most　readers　there　is　nothing　better　than　the　〃American　Statesmen　Series；〃　from　which　the　following　might　be　selected：　H。　C。　Lodge's　〃George　Washington　〃（2　vols。；　1889）　and　〃Alexander　Hamilton〃　（1882）；　J。　T。　Morse's　〃Benjamin　Franklin〃　（1889）；　〃John　Adams〃　（1885）；　and　〃Thomas　Jefferson〃　（1883）；　Theodore　Roosevelt's　〃Gouverneur　Morris；〃　（1888）。　Other　readable　volumes　are　P。　L。　Ford's　〃The　True　George　Washington〃　（1896）　and　〃The　Many…sided　Franklin〃　（1899）；　F。　S。　Oliver's　〃Alexander　Hamilton；　An　Essay　on　American　Union〃　（New　ed。　London；　1907）；　W。　G。　Brown's　〃Life　of　Oliver　Ellsworth〃（1905）；　A。　McL。　Hamilton's　〃The　Intimate　Life　of　Alexander　Hamilton〃　（1910）；　James　Schouler's　〃Thomas　Jefferson〃　（1893）；　Gaillard　Hunt's　〃Life　of　James　Madison〃　（1902）。　Of　the　collections　of　documents　it　may　be　worth　while　to　notice：　〃Documentary　History　of　the　Constitution　of　the　United　States；〃　5　vols。　（1894…1905）；　B。　P。　Poore's　〃Federal　and　State　Constitutions；　Colonial　Charters；　etc。；〃　2　vols。　（1877）；　F。　N。　Thorpe's　〃The　Federal　and　State　Constitutions；　Colonial　Charters；　and　other　Organic　Laws〃；　7　vols。　（1909）；　and　the　〃Journals　of　the　Continental　Congress〃　（1904…1914）；　edited　from　the　original　records　in　the　Library　of　Congress　by　Worthington　C。　Ford　and　Gaillard　Hunt；　of　which　23　volumes　have　appeared；　bringing　the　records　down　through　1782。
  NOTES　ON　THE　PORTRAITS　OF　MEMBERS　OF　THE　FEDERAL　CONVENTION　WHO　SIGNED　THE　CONSTITUTION　BY　VICTOR　HUGO　PALTSITS　Forty　signatures　were　attached　to　the　Constitution　of　the　United　States　in　the　Federal　Convention　on　September　17；　1787；　by　thirty…nine　delegates；　representing　twelve　States；　and　the　secretary　of　the　Convention；　as　the　attesting　officer。　George　Washington；　who　signed　as　president　of　the　Convention；　was　a　delegate　from　Virginia。　There　are　reproduced　in　this　volume　the　effigies　or　pretended　effigies　of　thirty…seven　of　them；　from　etchings　by　Albert　Rosenthal　in　an　extra…illustrated　volume　devoted　to　the　Members　of　the　Federal　Convention；　1787；　in　the　Thomas　Addis　Emmet　Collection　owned　by　the　New　York　Public　Library。　The　autographs　are　from　the　same　source。　This　series　presents　no　portraits　of　David　Brearley　of　New　J