第 39 节
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  achieves; in fact; what is best upon the grandest scale。 But leave him in
  boorish ignorance untrained; and he will prove not only very bad but very
  mischievous;'7' and for this reason; that lacking the knowledge to discern
  what is right to do; he will frequently lay his hand to villainous practices;
  whilst   the   very   magnificence   and   vehemence   of   his   character   render   it
  impossible either to rein him in or to turn him aside from his evil courses。
  Hence in his case also his achievements are on the grandest scale but of
  the worst。'8'
  '4' Or; 〃His method of attack was not indeed uniformly the same。 It
  varied with the individual。〃
  '5' Or; 〃If any one was disposed to look down upon learning and study
  in reliance upon his own natural ability; he tried to lesson him                      that it
  is just the highly…gifted nature which stands;〃 etc。 See                     Newman; op。
  cit。 i。 397。
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  '6' Cf。 Aristot。 〃H。 A。〃 ix。 1; and 〃Hunting;〃 iii。 11。
  '7' Or; 〃and the same man may easily become a master villain of the
  most dangerous sort。〃
  '8' Kuhner ad loc。 after Fr。 Hermann cf。 Plato。 〃Crito;〃 44 E; 〃Hipp。
  min。〃 375 E; 〃Rep。〃 vi。 491 E; 〃Gorg。〃 526 A; 〃Polit。〃 303 A。
  Or to take the type of person so eaten up with the pride of riches that
  he conceives himself dispensed from any further need of education since
  it   is   〃money   makes   the   man;〃   and   his   wealth   will   amply   suffice   him   to
  carry   out    his  desires   and   to  win   honours     from   admiring     humanity。'9'
  Socrates would bring such people to their senses by pointing out the folly
  of   supposing that   without   instruction it   was   possible to draw  the  line   of
  demarcation'10' between what is gainful and what is hurtful in conduct;
  and the further folly of supposing that; apart from such discrimination; a
  man could help himself by means of wealth alone to whatever he liked or
  find   the path of   expediency  plain before   him;   and   was   it   not the   veriest
  simplicity   to   suppose   that;   without   the   power   of   labouring   profitably;   a
  man     can   either   be  doing    well   or  be   in  any   sort   of  way    sufficiently
  equipped for the battle of life? and again; the veriest simplicity to suppose
  that   by   mere   wealth   without   true   knowledge   it   was   possible   either   to
  purchase a reputation for some excellence; or without such reputation to
  gain distinction and celebrity?
  '9' Or; 〃and to be honoured by mankind。〃
  '10'    Or;  〃that   without    learning    the   distinction    it  was   possible    to
  distinguish between;〃 etc。
  II
  Or to come to a third kindthe class of people who are persuaded that
  they have received the best education; and are proud of their wisdom: his
  manner of dealing with these I will now describe。
  Euthydemus'1' 〃the beautiful〃 had (Socrates was given to understand)
  collected     a  large   library;  consisting    of   the  most    celebrated    poets   and
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  philosophers;'2' by help of which he already believed himself to be more
  than a match for his fellows in wisdom; and indeed might presently expect
  to out…top them all in capacity of speech and action。'3' At first; as Socrates
  noted; the young man by reason of his youth had not as yet set foot in the
  agora;'4' but if he had anything to transact; his habit was to seat himself in
  a saddler's shop hard by。 Accordingly to this same saddler's shop Socrates
  betook   himself   with   some   of   those   who   were   with   him。   And   first   the
  question   was   started   by   some   one:   〃Was   it   through   consorting   with   the
  wise;'5'     or  by   his   own    unaided     talent;  that   Themistocles      came     so  to
  surpass his fellow…citizens that when the services of a capable man were
  needed   the   eyes   of   the   whole   community   instinctively   turned   to   him?〃
  Socrates;   with   a   view   to   stirring'6'   Euthydemus;   answered:   There   was
  certainly  an   ingenuous   simplicity  in   the   belief   that   superiority  in   arts   of
  comparatively        little  worth    could    only   be   attained    by  aid   of   qualified
  teachers; but that the leadership of the state; the most important concern of
  all; was destined to drop into the lap of anybody; no matter whom; like an
  accidental windfall。'7'
  '1' Euthydemus; the son of Diocles perhaps。 See Plat。 〃Symp。〃 222 B;
  and Jowet ad loc。; Cobet; 〃Prosop。 Xen。〃 s。n。; K。 Joel; op。 cit。                        p。 372
  foll。 For {ton kalon} cf。 〃Phaedr。〃 278 E; 〃Isocrates the                      fair。〃 For the
  whole chapter cf。 Plat。 〃Alc。〃 i。; 〃Lys。〃 210 E。                    See above; 〃Mem。〃 I。
  ii。 29; Grote; 〃Plato;〃 i。 ch。 x。 passim。
  '2'    Lit。   〃sophists。〃     See   Grote;     〃H。   G。〃   viii。   p。  480;    note。    For
  private libraries see Becker; 〃Char。〃 p。 272 foll。 (Eng。 tr。)
  '3' See 〃Hipparch;〃 i。 24; 〃Cyrop。〃 V。 v。 46。
  '4' See above; III。 vi。 1; Schneid。 cf。 Isocr。 〃Areop。〃 149 C。
  '5' Cf。 Soph。 fr。 12; {sophoi turannoi ton sophon xunousia}。
  '6' L。 and S。 cf。 Plat。 〃Lys。〃 223 A; 〃Rep。〃 329 B: 〃Wishing to draw
  him out。〃
  '7'   Cf。   Plat。   〃Alc。〃   i。   118   C:   〃And   Pericles   is   said   not   to   have   got
  his wisdom by the light of nature; but to have associated with                         several
  of the philosophers〃 (Jowett)。
  On a subsequent occasion; Euthydemus being present; though; as was
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  plain    to   see;   somewhat       disposed     to   withdraw      from    the   friendly
  concourse;'8' as if he would choose anything rather than appear to admire
  Socrates on the score of wisdom; the latter made the following remarks。
  '8' {sunedrias}; 〃the council。〃
  Soc。 It is clear from his customary pursuits; is it not; sirs; that when
  our friend Euthydemus here is of full age; and the state propounds some
  question for solution; he will not abstain from offering the benefit of his
  advice?     One    can   imagine     the   pretty   exordium     to   his  parliamentary
  speeches which; in his anxiety not to be thought to have learnt anything
  from anybody; he has ready for the occasion。'9' Clearly at the outset he
  will deliver himself thus: 〃Men of Athens; I have never at any time learnt
  anything from anybody; nor; if I have ever heard of any one as being an
  able statesman; well versed in speech and capable of action; have I sought
  to come across him individually。 I have not so much as been at pains to
  provide      muself     with    a   teacher     from    amongst      those    who     have
  knowledge;'10' on the contrary; I have persistently avoided; I will not say
  learning from others; but the very faintest suspicion of so doing。 However;
  anything that occurs to me by the light of nature I shall be glad to place at
  your disposal。〃 。 。 。 How appropriate'11' would such a preface sound on
  the lips of any one seeking; say; the office of state physician;'12' would it
  not? How advantageously he might begin an address on this wise: 〃Men of
  Athens; I have never learnt the art of healing by help of anybody; nor have
  I sought to provide myself with any teacher among medical men。 Indeed;
  to put it briefly; I have been ever on my guard not only against learning
  anything from the profession; but against the very notion of having studied
  medicine at all。 If; however; you will be so good as to confer on me this
  post; I promise I will do my best to acquire skill by experimenting on your
  persons。〃 Every one present laughed at the exordium (and there the matter
  dropped)。
  '9'   Or;   〃the   pretty   exordium   。   。   。   now   in   course   of   conposition。   He
  must     at  all  hazards    avoid    the   suspicion    of   having    picked    up   any
  crumb       of   learning     from    anybody;      how     can    he    help    therefore
  beginning his speech thus?〃
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  '10' Or; 〃scientific experts。〃
  '11' Al。   〃Just   as   if   one seeking   the office   of   state   physician   were   to
  begin     with   a   like  exordium。〃      {armoseie}       =  〃it  would     be   consistent
  (with what has gone before)。〃
  '12'   Schneider   cf。   Plat。   〃Laws;〃   iv。   720   A;   〃Gor