第 34 节
作者:      更新:2021-02-18 23:31      字数:9322
  trans。   〃Painting   is   the   term   applied   to   a   particular      representation;〃
  etc。
  You are right (he answered); that is so。
  Soc。 Further; in portraying ideal types of beauty; seeing it is not easy to
  light upon any one human being who is absolutely devoid of blemish; you
  cull from many models the most beautiful traits of each; and so make your
  figures appear completely beautiful?'4'
  '4'   Cf。   Cic。   〃de   Invent。〃   ii。   1   ad   in。   of   Zeuxis;   Max。  Tur。   〃Dissert。〃
  23; 3; ap。 Schneider ad loc。
  Parrh。 Yes; that is how we do。'5'
  '5'    Or;   〃that    is  the   secret    of   our   creations;〃     or   〃our    art  of
  composition。〃
  Well; but stop (Socrates continued); do you also pretend to represent in
  similar    perfection     the  characteristic    moods     of  the   soul;   its  captivating
  charm and sweetness; with its deep wells of love; its intensity of yearning;
  its   burning    point   of   passion?    or   is  all  this  quite   incapable    of   being
  depicted?
  Nay   (he   answered);   how       should   a   mood     be   other   than  inimitable;
  Socrates;   when   it   possesses   neither   linear   proportion'6'   nor   colour;   nor
  any of those qualities which you named just now; when; in a word; it is
  not even visible?
  '6' Lit。 〃symmetry。〃 Cf。 Plin。 xxxv。 10; 〃primus symmetriam picturae
  dedit;〃 etc。
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  Soc。 Well; but the kindly look of love; the angry glance of hate at any
  one; do find expression in the human subject; do they not?'7'
  '7'   Or;   〃the  glance    of  love;   the  scowl    of  hate;   which    one   directs
  towards      another;    are   recognised     expressions      of  human      feeling。〃   Cf。
  the description of Parrhasius's own portrait of Demos; ap。 Plin。                         loc。
  cit。
  Parrh。 No doubt they do。
  Soc。 Then this look; this glance; at any rate may be imitated in the eyes;
  may it not?
  Undoubtedly (he answered)。
  Soc。 And do anxiety and relief of mind occasioned by the good or evil
  fortune of those we love both wear the same expression?
  By no means (he answered); at the thought of good we are radiant; at
  that of evil a cloud hangs on the brow。
  Soc。 Then here again are looks with it is possible to represent?
  Parrh。 Decidedly。
  Soc。   Furthermore;   as   through   some   chink   or   crevice;   there   pierces
  through the countenance of a man; through the very posture of his body as
  he   stands   or   moves;   a   glimpse   of   his   nobility   and   freedom;   or   again   of
  something       in  him   low    and   grovellingthe      calm   of   self…restraint;   and
  wisdom; or the swagger of insolence and vulgarity?
  You are right (he answered)。
  Soc。 Then these too may be imitated?
  No doubt (he said)。
  Soc。 And which is the pleasanter type of face to look at; do you think …
  …one   on   which   is   imprinted   the   characteristics   of   a   beautiful;   good;   and
  lovable disposition; or one which bears the impress of what is ugly; and
  bad; and hateful?'8'
  '8'   For   this  theory    cp。  Ruskin;     〃Mod。    P。〃  ii。  94  foll。  and   indeed
  passim。
  Parrh。 Doubtless; Socrates; there is a vast distinction between the two。
  At   another   time   he   entered   the   workshop   of   the   sculptor   Cleiton;'9'
  and in course of conversation with him said:
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  '9'   An   unknown   artist。   Coraes   conj。   {Kleona}。   Cf。   Plin。   xxxiv。   19;
  Paus。 v。 17; vi。 3。 He excelled in portrait statues。 See Jowett;                      〃Plato;〃
  iv。; 〃Laws;〃 p。 123。
  You have a gallery of handsome people here;'10' Cleiton; runners; and
  wrestlers; and boxers; and pancratiaststhat I see and know; but how do
  you   give   the   magic   touch   of   life   to   your   creations;   which   most   of   all
  allures the soul of the beholder through his sense of vision?
  '10'    Reading      after   L。  Dind。    {kaloi    ous};    or   if  vulg。   {alloious};
  translate 〃You have a variety of types; Cleiton; not all of one                        mould;
  but runners;〃 etc。; al。 〃I see quite well how you give the                       diversity of
  form to your runners;〃 etc。
  As   Cleiton     stood   perplexed;   and      did   not   answer   at   once;   Socrates
  added:     Is  it  by   closely   imitating    the   forms    of  living    beings    that  you
  succeed in giving that touch of life to your statues?
  No doubt (he answered)。
  Soc。     It  is;  is  it  not;  by   faithfully    copying     the   various    muscular
  contractions of the body in obedience to the play of gesture and poise; the
  wrinklings       of  flesh    and   the   sprawl     of   limbs;    the   tensions    and    the
  relaxations;   that   you   succeed   in   making   your   statues   like   real   beings
  make them 〃breathe〃 as people say?
  Cleit。 Without a doubt。
  Soc。 And does not the faithful imitation of the various affections of the
  body   when       engaged     in   any   action   impart   a   particular   pleasure     to  the
  beholder?
  Cleit。 I should say so。
  Soc。 Then   the   threatenings   in   the   eyes   of   warriors   engaged   in   battle
  should   be   carefully   copied;   or   again   you   should   imitate   the   aspect   of   a
  conqueror radiant with success?
  Cleit。 Above all things。
  Soc。 It would seem then that the sculptor is called upon to incorporate
  in his ideal form the workings and energies also of the soul?
  Paying      a  visit  to  Pistias;'11'    the   corselet    maker;    when     that  artist
  showed him some exquisite samples of his work; Socrates exclaimed:
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  '11'    Cf。    Athen。     iv。  20;   where     the   same     artist   is  referred     to
  apparently as {Piston}; and for the type of person see the                      〃Portrait of
  a Tailor〃 by Moroni in the National Gallerysee                      〃Handbook;〃 Edw。
  T。 Cook; p。 152。
  By  Hera!  a   pretty  invention   this;   Pistias;  by  which   you   contrive   that
  the corselet   should   cover   the  parts   of   the  person   which   need   protection;
  and at the same time leave free play to the arms and hands。 。 。 。 but tell me;
  Pistias   (he   added);   why  do   you   ask   a   higher   price   for   these   corselets   of
  yours if they are not stouter or made of costlier material than the others?
  Because; Socrates (he answered); mine are of much finer proportion。
  Soc。 Proportion! Then how do you make this quality apparent to the
  customer   so   as   to   justify   the   higher   priceby   measure   or   weight?   For   I
  presume   you cannot make them all exactly equal and of one pattern if
  you make them fit; as of course you do?
  Fit indeed! that I most distinctly do (he answered); take my word for it:
  no use in a corselet without that。
  But then are not the wearer's bodies themselves (asked Socrates) some
  well proportioned and others ill?
  Decidedly so (he answered)。
  Soc。 Then how do you manage to make the corselet well proportioned
  if it is to fit an ill…proportioned body?'12'
  '12'   Or;   〃how   do   you   make   a   well…proportioned   corselet   fit   an   ill…
  proportioned body? how well proportioned?〃
  Pist。   To   the   same   degree   exactly   as   I   make   it   fit。   What   fits   is   well
  proportioned。
  Soc。 It seems you use the term 〃well…proportioned〃 not in an absolute
  sense; but in reference to the wearer; just as you might describe a shield as
  well proportioned to the individual it suits; and so of a military cloak; and
  so of the rest of things; in your terminology? But maybe there is another
  considerable advantage in this 〃fitting〃?
  Pist。 Pray instruct me; Socrates; if you have got an idea。
  Soc。 A corselet which fits is less galling by its weight than one which
  does not fit; for the latter must either drag from the shoulders with a dead
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  weight   or   press   upon   some   other   part   of   the   body;   and   so   it   becomes
  troublesome   and   uncomfortable;   but   that   which   fits;   having   its   weight
  distributed   partly   along   the   collar…bone   and   shoulder…   blade;   partly   over
  the sh