第 32 节
作者:      更新:2021-02-18 23:31      字数:9322
  wrestling is often ugly for running; and in general everything is good and
  beautiful   when   well   adapted   for   the   end   in   view;   bad   and   ugly  when   ill
  adapted for the same。
  Similarly when he spoke about houses;'12' and argued that 〃the same
  house must be at once beautiful and useful〃I could not help feeling that
  he was giving a  good lesson   on   the problem:   〃how a  house ought   to   be
  built。〃 He investigated the matter thus:
  '12' See K。 Joel; op。 cit。 p。 488; 〃Classical Review;〃 vii。 262。
  Soc。 〃Do you admit that any one purposing to build a perfect house'13'
  will    plan   to  make    it  at  once    as  pleasant    and   as   useful   to  live   in  as
  possible?〃 and that point being admitted;'14' the next question would be:
  '13' Or; 〃the ideal house〃; lit。 〃a house as it should be。〃
  '14' See below; IV。 vi。 15。
  〃It is pleasant to have one's house cool in summer and warm in winter;
  is   it  not?〃    and   this   proposition     also   having     obtained     assent;   〃Now;
  supposing a house to have a southern aspect; sunshine during winter will
  steal in under the verandah;'15' but in summer; when the sun traverses a
  path right over our heads; the roof will afford an agreeable shade; will it
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  not?   If;   then;   such   an   arrangement   is   desirable;   the   southern   side   of   a
  house should be built higher to catch the rays of the winter sun; and the
  northern side lower to prevent the cold winds finding ingress; in a word; it
  is reasonable to suppose that the pleasantest and most beautiful dwelling
  place will be one in which the owner can at all seasons of the year find the
  pleasantest retreat; and stow away his goods with the greatest security。〃
  '15' Or; 〃porticoes〃 or 〃collonades。〃
  Paintings'16'  and   ornamental   mouldings   are   apt   (he   said)   to   deprive
  one of more joy'17' than they confer。
  '16' See 〃Econ。〃 ix。 2; Plat。 〃Hipp。 maj。〃 298 A; 〃Rep。〃 529; Becker;
  〃Charicles;〃 268 (Engl。 trans。)
  '17'   {euphrosunas};   archaic   or   〃poetical〃   =   〃joyance。〃   See   〃Hiero;〃
  vi。 1。
  The fittest place for a temple or an altar (he maintained) was some site
  visible from afar; and untrodden by foot of man:'18' since it was a glad
  thing for the worshipper to lift up his eyes afar off and offer up his orison;
  glad also to wend his way peaceful to prayer unsullied。'19'
  '18' e。g。 the summit of Lycabettos; or the height on which stands the
  temple of Phygaleia。 Cf。 Eur。 〃Phoen。〃 1372; {Pallados                       khrusaspidos
  blepsas pros oikon euxato} of Eteocles。
  '19'   See   Vitruvius;   i。   7;   iv。   5;   ap。   Schneid。   ad   loc。;   W。   L。   Newman;
  op。 cit。 i。 338。
  IX
  Being again asked by some one: could courage be taught;'1' or did it
  come by nature? he answered: I imagine that just as one body is by nature
  stronger than another body to encounter toils; so one soul by nature grows
  more robust than another soul in face of dangers。 Certainly I do note that
  people   brought   up   under  the  same   condition   of   laws   and   customs   differ
  greatly in respect of daring。 Still my belief is that by learning and practice
  the   natural   aptitude   may   always   be   strengthened   towards   courage。   It   is
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  clear; for instance; that Scythians or Thracians would not venture to take
  shield   and     spear   and    contend    with   Lacedaemonians;          and   it  is  equally
  evident   that   Lacedaemonians   would   demur  to   entering   the  lists   of   battle
  against Thracians if limited to their light shields   and javelins; or   against
  Scythians       without     some    weapon      more     familiar    than    their  bows     and
  arrows。'2'   And   as   far   as   I   can   see;   this   principle   holds   generally:   the
  natural   differences   of   one   man   from   another   may   be   compensated   by
  artificial progress; the result of care and attention。 All which proves clearly
  that   whether  nature  has   endowed   us   with   keener   or   blunter   sensibilities;
  the duty of all alike is to learn and practise those things in which we would
  fain achieve distinction。
  '1'   Or;   〃When   some   one   retorted   upon   him   with   the   question:   'Can
  courage be taught?'〃 and for this problem see IV。 vi。 10; 11;                         〃Symp。〃
  ii。 12; Plat。 〃Lach。〃; 〃Protag。〃 349; 〃Phaedr。〃 269 D; K。                        Joel; op。 cit。
  p。 325 foll。; Grote; 〃Plato;〃 i。 468 foll。; ii。 60;                 Jowett; 〃Plato;〃 i。 77;
  119; Newman; op。 cit。 i。 343。
  '2'   Or;   〃against   Thracians   with   light   shields   and   javelins;   or   against
  Scythians with bows and arrows〃; and for the national arms of                             these
  peoples respectively see Arist。 〃Lysistr。〃 563; 〃Anab。〃 III。                       iv。 15; VI。
  VII。 passim。
  Between wisdom and sobriety of soul (which is temperance) he drew
  no   distinction。'3'   Was   a   man   able   on   the   one   hand   to   recognise   things
  beautiful and good sufficiently to live in them? Had he; on the other hand;
  knowledge of the 〃base and foul〃 so as to beware of them? If so; Socrates
  judged him to be wise at once and sound of soul (or temperate)。'4'
  '3' But cf。 IV。 vi。 7; K。 Joel; op。 cit。 p。 363。
  '4'   Reading   {alla   to   。   。   。   kai   to};   or   more   lit。   〃he   discovered   the
  wise man and sound of soul in his power not only to recognise                            things
  'beautiful and good;' but to live and move and have his                       being in them;
  as   also   in   his   gift of   avoiding   consciously  things           base。〃   Or  if   {alla
  ton 。 。 。 kai ton 。 。 。} transl。 〃The man who                   not only could recognise
  the    beautiful    and    good;    but  lived;   etc。;         in   that   world;    and   who
  morever       consciously      avoided     things    base;    in          the    judgment      of
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  Socrates was wise and sound of soul。〃 Cf。 Plat。                       〃Charm。〃
  And being further questioned whether 〃he considered those who have
  the   knowledge   of   right   action;   but   do   not   apply   it;   to   be   wise   and   self…
  controlled?〃〃Not a whit more;〃 he answered; 〃than I consider them to be
  unwise   and   intemperate。'5'   Every   one;   I   conceive;   deliberately   chooses
  what; within   the limits   open to him; he   considers most   conducive to his
  interest;   and   acts   accordingly。   I   must   hold   therefore   that   those   who   act
  against rule and crookedly'6' are neither wise nor self…controlled。
  '5'    For   the   phrase     〃not   a  whit    the   more〃     see   below;    III。  xii。  1;
  〃Econ。〃      xii。  18。   Al。   〃I  should    by   no   means     choose     to  consider     them
  wise and self…controlled rather than foolish and intemperate。〃
  '6' 〃Who cannot draw a straight line; ethically speaking。〃
  He said that justice; moreover; and all other virtue is wisdom。 That is
  to   say;   things    just;  and    all  things   else   that   are   done    with   virtue;    are
  〃beautiful      and    good〃;    and    neither    will   those   who     know     these    things
  deliberately   choose   aught   else   in   their   stead;   nor   will   he   who   lacks   the
  special knowledge of them be able to do them; but even if he makes the
  attempt he will miss the mark and fail。 So the wise alone can perform the
  things   which   are   〃beautiful   and   good〃;   they   that   are   unwise   cannot;   but
  even if they try they fail。 Therefore; since all things just; and generally all
  things 〃beautiful and good;〃 are wrought with virtue; it is clear that justice
  and all other virtue is wisdom。
  On     the   other   hand;    madness      (he   maintained)       was   the   opposite     to
  wisdom; not that he regarded simple ignorance as madness;'7' but he put
  it thus: for a man to be ignorant of himself; to imagine and suppose that he
  knows   what   he   knows   not;   was   (he   argued);   if   not   madness   itself;   yet
  something        very   like   it。  The    mass    of   men    no   doubt    hold    a  different
  language:   if   a   man   is   all   abroad   on   some   matter   of   which   the   mass   of
  mankind   are   ignorant;   they   do   not   pronounce   him   〃mad〃;'8'   bu