第 30 节
作者:      更新:2021-02-18 23:31      字数:9320
  106
  … Page 107…
  The Memorabilia
  have   not   yet   fully   examined   them。   But   come;   I   am   sure   that   you   have
  studied the defences   of   the country;   at   all   events; and   you   know   exactly
  how many forts and outposts are serviceable'11' and how many are not;
  you   can   tell   us   which   garrisons   are   strong   enough   and   which   defective;
  and you are prepared to throw in the weight of your advice in favour of
  increasing      the  serviceable     outposts    and   sweeping     away   those     that  are
  superfluous?
  '10' See 〃Econ。〃 xi。 1。
  '11'    Or;   〃advantageously       situated。〃   See    the  author's    own    tract  on
  〃Revenues。〃
  Glauc。 Yes; sweep them all away; that's my advice; for any good that is
  likely to come of them! Defences indeed! so maintained that the property
  of the rural districts is simply pilfered。
  But    suppose     you    sweep     away    the   outposts    (he   asked);    may    not
  something        worse;    think    you;    be   the   consequence?        will   not   sheer
  plundering   be   free   to   any   ruffian   who   likes?   。   。   。   But   may   I   ask   is   this
  judgment   the   result   of   personal   inspection?   have   you   gone   yourself   and
  examined the defences? or how do you know that they are all maintained
  as you say?
  Glauc。 I conjecture that it is so。
  Soc。 Well then; until we have got beyond the region of conjecture shall
  we defer giving   advice on the   matter? (It   will   be time   enough   when   we
  know the facts。)
  Possibly it would be better to wait till then (replied Glaucon)。
  Soc。 Then there are the mines;'12' but; of course; I am aware that you
  have not visited them in person; so as to be able to say why they are less
  productive than formerly。
  '12'   Again     the   author's   tract   on  〃Revenues〃   is    a   comment     on   the
  matter。
  Well; no; I have never been there myself (he answered)。
  Soc。 No; Heaven help us! an unhealthy district by all accounts; so that;
  when the moment for advice on that topic arrives; you will have an excuse
  ready to hand。
  107
  … Page 108…
  The Memorabilia
  I see you are making fun of me (Glaucon answered)。
  Soc。 Well; but here is a point; I am sure; which you have not neglected。
  No; you will have thoroughly gone into it; and you can tell us。 For how
  long a time could the corn supplies from the country districts support the
  city? how much is requisite for a single year; so that the city may not run
  short    of  this  prime    necessary;    before    you   are  well   aware;    but  on   the
  contrary you with your full knowledge will be in a position to give advice
  on so vital a question; to the aid or may be the salvation of your country?
  It is a colossal business this (Glaucon answered); if I am to be obliged
  to give attention to all these details。
  Soc。 On the other hand; a man could not even manage his own house
  or   his   estate   well;  without;   in   the  first   place;   knowing   what   he   requires;
  and; in the second place; taking pains; item by item; to supply his wants。
  But since this city consists of more than ten thousand houses; and it is not
  easy to pay minute attention to so many all at once; how is it you did not
  practise yourself by trying to augment the resources of one at any rate of
  theseI mean your own uncle's? The service would not be thrown away。
  Then if your strength suffices in the single case you might take in hand a
  larger number; but if you fail to relieve one; how could you possibly hope
  to succeed with many? How absurd for a man; if he cannot carry half a
  hundredweight; to attempt to carry a whole!'13'
  '13' Lit。 〃a single talent's weight 。 。 。 to carry two。〃
  Glauc。   Nay;   for   my   part;   I   am   willing   enough   to   assist   my   uncle's
  house; if my uncle would only be persuaded to listen to my advice。
  Soc。 Then; when you cannot persuade your uncle; do you imagine you
  will be able to make the whole Athenian people; uncle and all; obey you?
  Be   careful;   Glaucon   (he   added);   lest   in   your   thirst   for   glory   and   high
  repute you come to the opposite。 Do you not see how dangerous it is for a
  man to speak or act beyond the range'14' of his knowledge? To take the
  cases   known      to  you   of  people   whose   conversation   or   conduct        clearly
  transcends   these   limits:   should   you   say   they   gain   more   praise   or   more
  blame on that account? Are they admired the rather or despised? Or; again;
  consider those who do know what they say and what they do; and you will
  108
  … Page 109…
  The Memorabilia
  find; I venture  to say; that in every  sort of undertaking those who   enjoy
  repute   and    admiration   belong      to  the   class   of   those   endowed   with    the
  highest knowledge; whilst conversely the people of sinister reputation; the
  mean   and   the   contemptible;   emanate   from  some   depth   of   ignorance   and
  dulness。   If   therefore   what   you   thirst   for   is   repute   and   admiration   as   a
  statesman;  try  to   make   sure   of   one   accomplishment:   in   other   words;   the
  knowledge   as   far   as   in   you   lies   of   what   you   wish   to   do。'15'   If;   indeed;
  with   this   to   distinguish   you   from   the   rest   of   the   world   you   venture   to
  concern yourself with state affairs; it would not surprise me but that you
  might reach the goal of your ambition easily。
  '14' Or; 〃to talk of things which he does not know; or to meddle with
  them。〃
  '15'   Or;   〃try   as   far   as   possible   to   achieve   one   thing;   and   that   is   to
  know the business which you propose to carry out。〃
  VII
  Now Charmides;'1' the son of Glaucon; was; as Socrates observed; a
  man of mark and influence: a much more powerful person in fact than the
  mass of those devoted to politics at that date; but at the same time he was a
  man who shrank from approaching the people or busying himself with the
  concerns of the state。 Accordingly Socrates addressed him thus:
  '1' See last chapter for his relationship to Glaucon (the younger) and
  Plato; for a conception of his character; Plato's dialogue                  〃Charmides〃;
  〃Theag。〃 128 E; 〃Hell。〃 II。 iv。 19; 〃Symp。〃 iv。 31;                    Grote; 〃Plato;〃 i。
  480。
  Tell me; Charmides; supposing some one competent to win a victory in
  the arena and to receive a crown;'2' whereby he will gain honour himself
  and make the land of his fathers more glorious in Hellas;'3' were to refuse
  to enter the listswhat kind of person should you set him down to be?
  '2' In some conquest (e。g。 of the Olympic games) where the prize is a
  mere wreath。
  109
  … Page 110…
  The Memorabilia
  '3' Cf。 Pindar passim。
  Clearly an effeminate and cowardly fellow (he answered)。
  Soc。   And   what   if   another   man;   who   had   it   in   him;   by   devotion   to
  affairs of state; to exalt his city and win honour himself thereby; were to
  shrink     and   hesitate   and   hang    backwould      he   too   not  reasonably     be
  regarded as a coward?
  Possibly   (he   answered);   but   why   do   you   address   these   questions   to
  me?
  Because (replied Socrates) I think that you; who have this power; do
  hesitate to devote yourself to matters which; as being a citizen; if for no
  other reason; you are bound to take part in。'4'
  '4' Or add; 〃and cannot escape from。〃
  Charm。 And wherein have you detected in me this power; that you pass
  so severe a sentence upon me?
  Soc。 I have detected it plainly enough in those gatherings'5' in which
  you   meet   the   politicians   of   the   day;   when;   as   I   observe;   each   time   they
  consult you on any point you have always good advice to offer; and when
  they make a blunder you lay your finger on the weak point immediately。
  '5' See above; I。 v。 4; here possibly of political club conversation。
  Charm。   To   discuss   and   reason   in   private   is   one   thing;   Socrates;   to
  battle in the throng of the assembly is another。
  Soc。 And yet a man who can count; counts every bit as well in a crowd
  as when seated alone by himself; and it is the best performer on the harp in
  private who carries off the palm of victory in public。