第 18 节
作者:      更新:2021-02-18 23:31      字数:9322
  would be taken of the friend in like condition; and if both should die; he
  will show signs of deep annoyance at the death of his domestic; which; as
  he reflects; is a positive loss to him; but as regards his friend his position is
  in no wise materially affected; and thus; though he would never dream of
  leaving   his   other   possessions   disregarded   and   ill   cared   for;   friendship's
  mute appeal is met with flat indifference。'1'
  '1' Or; 〃the cry of a friend for careful tending falls on deaf ears。〃
  Or   to   take   (said   he)   a   crowning   instance:'2'   with   regard   to   ordinary
  possessions; however multifarious these may be; most people are at least
  acquainted   with   their   number;   but   if   you   ask   a   man   to   enumerate   his
  friends;  who   are not   so  very  many  after   all   perhaps; he   cannot; or   if;  to
  oblige the inquirer; he essays to make a list; he will presently retract the
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  names of some whom he had previously included。'3' Such is the amount
  of thought which people bestow upon their friends。
  '2'   Or;   〃Nor   had   he   failed   to   observe   another   striking   contrast。〃   Cf。
  Cic。 〃Lael。〃 17; Diog。 Laert。 ii。 30。
  '3' i。e。 〃like a chess…player recalling a move。〃
  And yet what thing else may a man call his own is comparable to this
  one best possession! what rather will not serve by contrast to enhance the
  value of an honest friend! Think of a horse or a yoke of oxen; they have
  their worth; but who shall gauge the worth of a worthy friend? Kindlier
  and more constant than the faithfullest of slaves this is that possession
  best   named   all…serviceable。'4'   Consider   what   the   post   is   that   he   assigns
  himself!   to   meet   and   supplement   what   is   lacking   to   the   welfare   of   his
  friends; to promote their private and their public interests; is his concern。
  Is   there   need   of   kindly   action   in   any   quarter?   he   will   throw   in   the   full
  weight of his support。 Does some terror confound? he is at hand to help
  and   defend      by   expenditure   of   money   and   of   energy;'5'   by   appeals   to
  reason or resort to force。 His the privilege alike to gladden the prosperous
  in   the   hour   of   success   and   to   sustain   their   footing   who   have   well…nigh
  slipped。 All that the hands of a man may minister; all that the eyes of each
  are   swift   to   see;   the   ears   to   hear;   and   the   feet   to   compass;   he   with   his
  helpful arts will not fall short of。 Nay; not seldom that which a man has
  failed to accomplish for himself; has missed seeing or hearing or attaining;
  a friend acting in behalf of friend will achieve vicariously。 And yet; albeit
  to try and tend a tree for the sake of its fruit is not uncommon; this copious
  mine of wealththis friend attracts only a lazy and listless attention on
  the part of more than half the world。
  '4'   〃A   vessel   fit   for   all   work   indeed   is   this   friend。〃   Cf。   Ar。   〃Ach。〃
  936; {pagkhreston aggos estai}; like the 〃leather bottel。〃
  '5' Or; 〃by dint of his diplomacy。〃
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  V
  I remember listening   to another argument   of his; the  effect of   which
  would be to promote self…examination。 The listener must needs be brought
  to ask himself; 〃Of what worth am I to my friends?〃 It happened thus。 One
  of those who were with him was neglectful; as he noted; of a friend who
  was at the pinch of poverty (Antisthenes)。'1' Accordingly; in the presence
  of the negligent person and of several others; he proceeded to question the
  sufferer。
  '1'   Antisthenes;   〃cynicorum   et   stoicorum   parens。〃   Cic。   〃de   Or。〃   iii。
  17; 〃ad Att。〃 xii。 38。 See below; III。 iii。 17; 〃Symp。〃 passim;                        Diog。
  Laert。 II。 v。; VI。 i。
  Soc。    What     say   you;    Antisthenes?have        friends   their   values    like
  domestic slaves? One of these latter may be worth perhaps two minae;'2'
  another only half a mina; a third five; and a fourth as much as ten; while
  they do say that Nicias;'3' the son of Niceratus; paid a whole talent for a
  superintendent   of   his   silver   mines。   And   so   I   propound   the   question   to
  myself as follows: 〃Have friends; like slaves; their market values?〃
  '2' A mina = L4 circ。
  '3'   For    Nicias   see   Thuc。    vii。  77   foll。;  〃Revenues;〃      iv。  14;   Plut。
  〃Nic。〃 IV。 v。; Lys。 〃de bon。 Aristoph。〃 648。
  Not   a   doubt   of   it   (replied   Antisthenes)。   At   any   rate;   I   know   that   I
  would rather have such a one as my friend than be paid two minae; and
  there is such another whose worth I would not estimate at half a mina; and
  a third with whom I would not part for ten; and then again a fourth whose
  friendship   would   be   cheap   if   it   cost   me   all   the   wealth   and   pains   in   the
  world to purchase it。
  Well then (continued Socrates); if  that be so; would it not be well   if
  every  one   were to   examine himself:   〃What   after   all   may  I   chance   to   be
  worth to my friends?〃 Should he not try to become as dear as possible; so
  that   his   friends   will   not   care   to   give   him   up?   How   often   do   I   hear   the
  complaint:   〃My   friend   So…and…so   has   given   me   up〃;   or   〃Such   an   one;
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  whom I looked upon as a friend; has sacrificed me for a mina。〃 And every
  time I hear these remarks; the question arises in my mind: If the vendor of
  a worthless slave is ready to part with him to a purchaser for what he will
  fetchis there   not   at least   a strong temptation to part with   a base   friend
  when   you   have   a   chance   of   making   something   on   the   exchange?   Good
  slaves; as far as I can see; are not so knocked down to the hammer; no; nor
  good friends so lightly parted with。
  VI
  Again;   in   reference   to   the  test   to   be   applied;   if   we   would   gauge   the
  qualifications   of   a   friend   worth   the   winning;   the   following   remarks   of
  Socrates could not fail; I think; to prove instructive。'1'
  '1'   Or;   〃Again;   as   to   establishing   a   test   of   character;   since   a   friend
  worth having must be of a particular type; I cannot but think that                      the
  following remarks would prove instructive。〃
  Tell me (said Socrates; addressing Critobulus); supposing we stood in
  need of a good friend; how should we set about his discovery? We must; in
  the first place; I suppose; seek out one who is master of his appetites; not
  under the dominion; that is; of his belly; not addicted to the wine…cup or to
  lechery or sleep or idleness; since no one enslaved to such tyrants could
  hope to do his duty either by himself or by his friends; could he?
  Certainly not (Critobulus answered)。
  Soc。 Do you agree; then; that we must hold aloof from every one so
  dominated?
  Cri。 Most assuredly。
  Well then   (proceeded   Socrates); what   shall   we say  of   the spendthrift
  who has lost his independence and is for ever begging of his neighbours; if
  he gets anything out of them he cannot repay; but if he fails to get anything;
  he   hates   you   for   not   givingdo   you   not   think   that   this   man   too   would
  prove but a disagreeable friend?
  Cri。 Certainly。
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  Soc。 Then we must keep away from him too?
  Cri。 That we must。
  Soc。    Well!   and   what    of  the  man    whose    strength    lies  in  monetary
  transactions?'2' His one craving is to amass money; and for that reason he
  is an adept at driving a hard bargain'3'glad enough to take in; but loath
  to pay out。
  '2' Or; 〃the money…lender? He has a passion for big money…bags。〃
  '3' Or; 〃hard in all his dealings。〃
  Cri。 In my opinion he will prove even a worse fellow than the last。
  Soc。 Well! and what of that other whose passion for money…making is
  so absorbing that he has no leisure for anything else; save how he may add
  to his gains?
  Cri。 Hold aloof from him; say I; since there is no good to be got out of
  him or his society。
  Soc。 Well! what of the quarrelsome and factious person'4' whose main
  object is to saddle his friends with a host of