第 5 节
作者:      更新:2021-02-18 23:31      字数:9321
  should be to amend our speech。
  To   which   Charicles;   in   a   fit   of   temper;   retorted:   In   consideration   of
  your   ignorance;'21'   Socrates;   we   will   frame   the   prohibition   in   language
  better suited to your intelligence: we forbid you to hold any conversation
  whatsoever with the young。
  '21' See Aristot。 〃de Soph。 El。〃 183 b7。
  Then   Socrates: To   avoid   all   ambiguity  then; or   the possibility  of   my
  doing anything else than what you are pleased to command; may I ask you
  to define up to what age a human being is to be considered young?
  For   just   so   long   a   time   (Charicles   answered)   as   he   is   debarred   from
  sitting   as   a   member   of   the   Council;'22'   as   not   having   attained   to   the
  maturity of wisdom; accordingly you will not hold converse with any one
  under the age of thirty。
  '22' The Boule or Senate。 See W。 L。 Newman; 〃Pol。 Aristot。〃 i。 326。
  Soc。 In making a purchase even; I am not to ask; what is the price of
  15
  … Page 16…
  The Memorabilia
  this? if the vendor is under the age of thirty?
  Cha。 Tut; things of that sort: but you know; Socrates; that you have a
  way   of   asking   questions;   when   all   the   while   you   know   how   the   matter
  stands。 Let us have no questions of that sort。
  Soc。   Nor   answers   either;   I   suppose;   if   the   inquiry   concerns   what   I
  know; as; for instance; where does Charicles live? or where is Critias to be
  found?
  Oh yes; of course; things of that kind (replied Charicles); while Critias
  added:     But   at   the  same    time    you   had   better   have    done    with   your
  shoemakers; carpenters; and coppersmiths。'23' These must be pretty well
  trodden out at heel by this time; considering the circulation you have given
  them。
  '23' Cf。 Plat。 〃Gorg。〃 491 A; 〃Symp。〃 221 E; Dio Chrys。 〃Or。〃 55; 560
  D; 564 A。
  Soc。 And am I to hold away from their attendant topics alsothe just;
  the holy; and the like?
  Most assuredly (answered Charicles); and from cowherds in particular;
  or else see that you do not lessen the number of the herd yourself。
  Thus the secret was out。 The remark of Socrates about the cattle had
  come to their ears; and they could not forgive the author of it。
  Perhaps enough has been said to explain the kind of intimacy which
  had    subsisted    between     Critias  and   Socrates;    and   their  relation   to  one
  another。    But   I  will  venture    to  maintain    that  where    the   teacher   is  not
  pleasing to the pupil there is no education。 Now it cannot be said of Critias
  and Alcibiades that they associated with Socrates because they found him
  pleasing to them。 And this is true of the whole period。 From the first their
  eyes were fixed on the headship of the state as their final goal。 During the
  time of their imtimacy with Socrates there were no disputants whom they
  were more eager to encounter than professed politicians。
  Thus the story is told of Alcibiadeshow before the age of twenty he
  engaged his own guardian; Pericles; at that time prime minister of the state;
  in a discussion concerning laws。
  Alc。 Please; Pericles; can you teach me what a law is?
  16
  … Page 17…
  The Memorabilia
  Per。 To be sure I can。
  Alc。  I   should   be   so   much   obliged if   you   would   do   so。   One so   often
  hears the epithet 〃law…abiding〃 applied in a complimentary sense; yet; it
  strikes   me;   one   hardly   deserves   the   compliment;   if   one   does   not   know
  what a law is。
  Per。 Fortunately there is a ready answer to your difficulty。 You wish to
  know what a law is? Well; those are laws which the majority; being met
  together in conclave;  approve and enact   as to what   it is right to do;  and
  what it is right to abstain from doing。
  Alc。 Enact on the hypothesis that it is right to do what is good? or to
  do what is bad?
  Per。 What is good; to be sure; young sir; not what is bad。
  Alc。 Supposing it is not the majority; but; as in the case of an oligarchy;
  the minority; who meet and enact the rules of conduct; what are these?
  Per。 Whatever the ruling power of the state after deliberation enacts as
  our duty to do; goes by the name of laws。
  Alc。 Then if a tyrant; holding the chief power in the state; enacts rules
  of conduct for the citizens; are these enactments law?
  Per。 Yes; anything which a tyrant as head of the state enacts; also goes
  by the name of law。
  Alc。 But; Pericles; violence and lawlessnesshow do we define them?
  Is it not when a stronger man forces a weaker to do what seems right to
  himnot by persuasion but by compulsion?
  Per。 I should say so。
  Alc。 It would seem to follow that if a tyrant; without persuading the
  citizens;     drives   them     by   enactment      to   do    certain   thingsthat     is
  lawlessness?
  Per。 You are right; and I retract the statement that measures passed by a
  tyrant without persuasion of the citizens are law。
  Alc。 And what of measures passed by a minority; not by persuasion of
  the majority; but in the exercise of its power only? Are we; or are we not;
  to apply the term violence to these?
  Per。 I think that anything which any one forces another to do without
  17
  … Page 18…
  The Memorabilia
  persuasion; whether by enactment or not; is violence rather than law。
  Alc。 It would seem that everything which the majority; in the exercise
  of its power over the possessors of wealth; and without persuading them;
  chooses to enact; is of the nature of violence rather than of law?
  To   be   sure   (answered   Pericles);   adding: At   your   age   we   were   clever
  hands at such quibbles ourselves。 It was just such subtleties which we used
  to practise our wits upon; as you do now; if I mistake not。
  To   which Alcibiades   replied: Ah;   Pericles;   I   do   wish   we   could   have
  met in those days when you were at your cleverest in such matters。
  Well; then; as soon as the desired superiority over the politicians of the
  day   seemed   to   be   attained;   Critias   and Alcibiades   turned   their   backs   on
  Socrates。      They     found    his   society    unattractive;     not   to   speak    of   the
  annoyance        of    being    cross…questioned        on    their    own     shortcomings。
  Forthwith they devoted themselves to those affairs of state but for which
  they would never have come near him at all。
  No; if one would seek to see true companions of Socrates; one must
  look to Crito;'24' and Chaerephon; and Chaerecrates; to Hermogenes; to
  Simmias and Cebes; to Phaedondes and others; who clung to him not to
  excel in the rhetoric of the Assembly or the law…courts; but with the nobler
  ambition   of   attaining   to   such   beauty   and   goodliness   of   soul   as   would
  enable them to discharge the various duties of life to house and family; to
  relatives and friends; to fellow…citizens; and to the state at large。 Of these
  true   followers   not   one   in   youth   or   old   age   was   ever   guilty;   or   thought
  guilty; of committing any evil deed。
  '24'   For   these   true   followers;   familiar   to   us   in   the   pages   of   Plato;
  (〃Crito;〃 〃Apol。;〃 〃Phaedo;〃 etc) see Cobet; 〃Pros。 Xen。〃
  〃But   for   all   that;〃   the   accuser   insists;   〃Socrates   taught   sons   to   pour
  contumely upon their fathers'25' by persuading his young friends that he
  could   make   them   wiser   than   their   sires;   or   by   pointing   out   that   the   law
  allowed a son to sue his father for aberration of mind; and to imprison him;
  which legal ordinance he put in evidence to prove that it might be well for
  the wiser to imprison the more ignorant。〃
  '25' See 〃Apol。〃 20; Arist。 〃Clouds;〃 1407; where Pheidippides 〃drags
  18
  … Page 19…
  The Memorabilia
  his father Strepsiades through the mire。〃
  Now      what    Socrates    held    was;   that   if  a  man     may    with    justice
  incarcerate another for no better cause than a form of folly or ignorance;
  this same person could not justly complain if he in his turn were kept in
  bonds by his superiors in knowledge; and to come to the bottom of such
  questions; to discover the difference between madness and ignorance was
  a problem which he was perpetually working at。 His opinion came to this:
  If a madman may; as a matter of expediency to