第 1 节
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  The Memorabilia
  The Memorabilia
  by Xenophon
  Translation by H。 G。 Dakyns
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  The Memorabilia
  BOOK I
  I
  I  have    often   wondered      by   what   arguments      those   who    indicted'1'
  Socrates could have persuaded the Athenians that his life was justly forfeit
  to the state。 The indictment was to this effect: 〃Socrates is guilty of crime
  in refusing to recognise the gods acknowledged by the state; and importing
  strange divinities of his own; he is further guilty of corrupting the young。〃
  '1' {oi grapsamenoi} = Meletus (below; IV。 iv。 4; viii。 4; 〃Apol。〃 11;
  19);    Anytus     (〃Apol。〃     29);   and   Lycon。     See   Plat。   〃Apol。〃    II。  v。  18;
  Diog。     Laert。   II。  v。   (Socr。);   M。   Schanz;     〃Plat。   Apol。    mit   deutschen
  Kemmentar; Einleitung;〃 S。 5 foll。
  In the first place; what evidence did they produce that Socrates refused
  to recognise the gods acknowledged by the state? Was it that he did not
  sacrifice? or   that   he dispensed   with divination?   On   the   contrary;  he   was
  often to be seen engaged in sacrifice; at home or at the common altars of
  the state。 Nor was his dependence on divination less manifest。 Indeed that
  saying of his; 〃A divinity'2' gives me a sign;〃 was on everybody's lips。 So
  much so that; if I am not mistaken; it lay at the root of the imputation that
  he imported novel divinities; though   there  was   no greater novelty  in his
  case than in that of other believers in oracular help; who commonly rely
  on   omens   of   all   sorts:   the   flight   or   cry   of   birds;   the   utterances   of   man;
  chance meetings;'3' or a victim's entrails。 Even according to the popular
  conception;   it   is   not   the   mere   fowl;   it   is   not   the   chance   individual   one
  meets; who knows what things are profitable for a man; but it is the gods
  who vouchsafe by such instruments to signify the same。 This was also the
  tenet   of   Socrates。   Only;   whereas   men   ordinarily   speak   of   being   turned
  aside;   or   urged   onwards   by   birds;   or   other   creatures   encountered   on   the
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  path; Socrates suited his language to his conviction。 〃The divinity;〃 said he;
  〃gives me a sign。〃 Further; he would constantly advise his associates to do
  this; or beware of doing that; upon the authority of this same divine voice;
  and;   as   a   matter   of   fact;   those   who   listened   to   his   warnings   prospered;
  whilst he who turned a deaf ear to them repented afterwards。'4' Yet; it will
  be   readily   conceded;   he   would   hardly   desire   to   present   himself   to   his
  everyday companions in the character of either knave or fool。 Whereas he
  would have appeared to be both; supposing'5' the God…given revelations
  had but revealed his own proneness to deception。 It is plain he would not
  have ventured on forecast at all; but for his belief that the words he spoke
  would   in   fact   be   verified。   Then   on   whom;   or   what;   was   the   assurance
  rooted; if not upon God? And if he had faith in the gods; how could he fail
  to recognise them?
  '2'   Or;   〃A  divine   something。〃   See   〃Encyc。   Brit。〃   〃Socrates。〃   Dr。   H。
  Jackason;   〃The   Daemon   of   Socrates;〃   F。   W。   H。   Myers;   K。   Joel;           〃Der
  echte und der Xenophontische Sokrates;〃 i。 p。 70 foll。; cf。                      Aristot。 〃M。
  M。〃 1182 a 10。
  '3'   See Aesch。   〃P。  V。〃   487;   {enodious   te   sombolous};   〃and   pathway
  tokens;〃       L。    Campbell;       Arist。     〃Birds;〃      721;    {sombolon         ornin}:
  〃Frogs;〃 196; {to sometukhon exion}; 〃Eccl。〃 792; Hor。 〃Od。〃 iii。                           27;
  1…7。
  '4' See 〃Anab。〃 III。 i。 4; 〃Symp。〃 iv。 48。
  '5' Or; 〃if his vaunted manifestations from heaven had but manifested
  the falsity of his judgment。〃
  But   his   mode   of   dealing   with   his   intimates   has   another   aspect。   As
  regards   the   ordinary   necessities   of   life;'6'   his   advice   was;   〃Act   as   you
  believe'7' these things may best be done。〃 But in the case of those darker
  problems; the issues of which are incalculable; he directed his friends to
  consult the oracle; whether the business should be undertaken or not。 〃No
  one;〃 he would say; 〃who wishes to manage a house or city with success:
  no   one   aspiring   to   guide   the   helm   of   state   aright;   can   afford   to   dipense
  with aid from above。 Doubtless; skill in carpentering; building; smithying;
  farming;   of   the   art   of   governing   men;   together   with   the   theory   of   these
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  processes; and the sciences of arithmetic; economy; strategy; are affairs of
  study; and within the grasp of human intelligence。 Yet there is a side even
  of   these;    and   that  not   the   least  important;     which     the  gods    reserve    to
  themselves; the bearing of which is hidden from mortal vision。 Thus; let a
  man sow a field or plant a farm never so well; yet he cannot foretell who
  will    gather    in  the   fruits:   another    may     build   him    a   house    of   fairest
  proportion;   yet   he   knows   not   who   will   inhabit   it。   Neither   can   a   general
  foresee whether it will profit him to conduct a campaign; nor a politician
  be   certain   whether   his   leadership   will   turn   to   evil   or   good。   Nor   can   the
  man who weds a fair wife; looking forward to joy; know whether through
  her he shall not reap sorrow。 Neither can he who has built up a powerful
  connection in the state know whether he shall not by means of it be cast
  out of his city。 To suppose that all these matters lay within the scope of
  human judgment; to the exclusion of the preternatural; was preternatural
  folly。 Nor was it less extravagant to go and consult the will of Heaven on
  any   questions   which   it   is   given   to   us   to   decide   by   dint   of   learning。 As
  though   a   man   should   inquire;   〃Am   I   to   choose   an   expert   driver   as   my
  coachman;   or   one   who   has   never   handled   the  reins?〃   〃Shall   I   appoint   a
  mariner to be skipper of my vessel; or a landsman?〃 And so with respect to
  all we may know by numbering; weighing; and measuring。 To seek advice
  from Heaven on such points was a sort of profanity。 〃Our duty is plain;〃 he
  would   observe;   〃where   we   are   permitted   to   work   through   our   natural
  faculties;   there   let   us   by   all   means   apply   them。   But   in   things   which   are
  hidden; let us seek to gain knowledge from above; by divination; for the
  gods;〃 he added; 〃grant signs to those to whom they will be gracious。〃
  '6'    Or;  〃in   the   sphere    of  the   determined;〃      {ta   anagkaia}     =   certa;
  quorum       eventus      est   necessarius;      〃things    positive;    the    law…ordained
  department of life;〃 as we might say。 See Grote; 〃H。 G。〃 i。  ch。                            xvi。
  500 and passim。
  '7'   Reading   {os   nomizoien};   or   if   {os   enomizen};   translate   〃As   to
  things with certain results; he advised them to do them in the way                            in
  which   he   believed   they   would   be   done   best〃;   i。e。   he   did   not           say;
  〃follow your conscience;〃 but; 〃this course seems best to me                             under
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  the circumstances。〃
  Again; Socrates ever lived in the public eye; at early morning he was
  to   be   seen   betaking    himself    to  one    of  the  promenades;       or  wrestling…
  grounds;      at  noon    he  would     appear    with   the   gathering    crowds     in  the
  market…place; and as day declined; wherever the largest throng might be
  encountered; there was he to be found; talking for the most part; while any
  one who chose might stop and listen。 Yet no one ever heard him say; or
  saw him do anything impious or irreverent。 Indeed; in contrast to others he
  set his face against all discussion of such high matters as the nature of the
  Universe;      how    the   〃kosmos;〃      as  the   savants'8'    phrase    it;  came    into
  being;'9' or by what forces the celestial phenomena arise。 To trouble one's
  brain about such matters was; he argued; to play the fool。 He would ask