gentleman　of　the　provinces；　the　country　squire；　the　clubman　of
  Paris；　the　journalist　of　the　boulevard；　the　doctor　at　the　spa；
  the　commercial　artist；　and；　on　the　feminine　side；　the　servant
  girl；　the　working　girl；　the　demigrisette；　the　street　girl；　rich
  or　poor；　the　gallant　lady　of　the　city　and　of　the　provinces；　and
  the　society　womanthese　are　some　of　the　figures　that　he　has
  painted　at　many　sittings；　and　whom　he　used　to　such　effect　that
  the　novels　and　romances　in　which　they　are　painted　have　come　to　be
  history。　Just　as　it　is　impossible　to　comprehend　the　Rome　of　the
  Caesars　without　the　work　of　Petronius；　so　is　it　impossible　to
  fully　comprehend　the　France　of　1850…90　without　these　stories　of
  Maupassant。　They　are　no　more　the　whole　image　of　the　country　than
  the　〃Satyricon〃　was　the　whole　image　of　Rome；　but　what　their
  author　has　wished　to　paint；　he　has　painted　to　the　life　and　with　a
  brush　that　is　graphic　in　the　extreme。
  If　Maupassant　had　only　painted；　in　general　fashion；　the
  characters　and　the　phase　of　literature　mentioned　he　would　not　be
  distinguished　from　other　writers
  of　the　group　called　〃naturalists。〃　His　true　glory　is　in　the
  extraordinary　superiority　of　his　art。　He　did　not　invent　it；　and
  his　method　is　not　alien　to　that　of　〃Madame　Bovary；〃　but　he　knew
  how　to　give　it　a　suppleness；　a　variety；　and　a　freedom　which　were
  always　wanting　in　Flaubert。　The　latter；　in　his　best　pages；　is
  always　strained。　To　use　the　expressive　metaphor　of　the　Greek
  athletes；　he　〃smells　of　the　oil。〃　When　one　recalls　that　when
  attacked　by　hysteric　epilepsy；　Flaubert　postponed　the　crisis　of
  the　terrible　malady　by　means　of　sedatives；　this　strained
  atmosphere　of　laborI　was　going　to　say　of　stuporwhich　pervades
  his　work　is　explained。　He　is　an　athlete；　a　runner；　but　one　who
  drags　at　his　feet　a　terrible　weight。　He　is　in　the　race　only　for
  the　prize　of　effort；　an　effort　of　which　every　motion　reveals　the
  intensity。
  Maupassant；　on　the　other　hand；　if　he　suffered　from　a　nervous
  lesion；　gave　no　sign　of　it；　except　in　his　heart。　His　intelligence
  was　bright　and　lively；　and　above　all；　his　imagination；　served　by
  senses　always　on　the　alert；　preserved　for　some　years　an
  astonishing　freshness　of　direct　vision。　If　his　art　was　due　to
  Flaubert；　it　is　no　more　belittling　to　him　than　if　one　call
  Raphael　an　imitator　of　Perugini。
  Like　Flaubert；　he　excelled　in　composing　a　story；　in　distributing
  the　facts　with　subtle　gradation；　in　bringing　in　at　the　end　of　a
  familiar　dialogue　something　startlingly　dramatic；　but　such
  composition；　with　him；　seems　easy；　and　while　the　descriptions　are
  marvelously　well　established　in　his　stories；　the　reverse　is　true
  of　Flaubert's；　which　always　appear　a　little　veneered。
  Maupassant's　phrasing；　however　dramatic　it　may　be；　remains　easy
  and　flowing。
  Maupassant　always　sought　for　large　and　harmonious　rhythm　in　his
  deliberate　choice　of　terms；　always　chose　sound；　wholesome
  language；　with　a　constant　care　for　technical　beauty。　Inheriting
  from　his　master　an　instrument　already　forged；　he　wielded　it　with
  a　surer　skill。　In　the　quality　of　his　style；　at　once　so　firm　and
  clear；　so　gorgeous　yet　so　sober；　so　supple　and　so　firm；　he　equals
  the　writers　of　the　seventeenth　century。　His　method；　so　deeply　and
  simply　French；　succeeds　in　giving　an　indescribable　〃tang〃　to　his
  descriptions。　If　observation　from　nature　imprints　upon　his　tales
  the　strong　accent　of　reality；　the　prose　in　which　they　are　shrined
  so　conforms　to　the　genius　of　the　race　as　to　smack　of　the　soil。
  It　is　enough　that　the　critics　of　to…day　place　Guy　de　Maupassant
  among　our　classic　writers。　He　has　his　place　in　the　ranks　of　pure
  French　genius；　with　the　Regniers；　the　La　Fontaines；　the　Molieres。
  And　those　signs　of　secret　ill　divined　everywhere　under　this
  wholesome　prose　surround　it　for　those　who　knew　and　loved　him　with
  a　pathos　that　is　inexpressible。　　　　　　｛signature｝
  INTRODUCTION
  BORN　in　the　middle　year　of　the　nineteenth　century；　and　fated
  unfortunately　never　to　see　its　close；　Guy　de　Maupassant　was
  probably　the　most　versatile　and　brilliant　among　the　galaxy　of
  novelists　who　enriched　French　literature　between　the　years　1800
  and　1900。　Poetry；　drama；　prose　of　short　and　sustained　effort；　and
  volumes　of　travel　and　description；　each　sparkling　with　the　same
  minuteness　of　detail　and　brilliancy　of　style；　flowed　from　his　pen
  during　the　twelve　years　of　his　literary　life。
  Although　his　genius　asserted　itself　in　youth；　he　had　the　patience
  of　the　true　artist；　spending　his　early　manhood　in　cutting　and
  polishing　the　facets　of　his　genius　under　the　stern　though
  paternal　mentorship　of　Gustave　Flaubert。　Not　until　he　had
  attained　the　age　of　thirty　did　he　venture　on　publication；
  challenging　criticism　for　the　first　time　with　a　volume　of　poems。
  Many　and　various　have　been　the　judgments　passed　upon　Maupassant's
  work。　But　now　that　the　perspective　of　time　is　lengthening；
  enabling　us　to　form　a　more　deliberate；　and　therefore　a　juster；
  view　of　his　complete　achievement；　we　are　driven　irresistibly　to
  the　conclusion　that　the　force　that　shaped　and　swayed　Maupassant's
  prose　writings　was　the　conviction　that　in　life　there　could　be　no
  phase　so　noble　or　so　mean；　so　honorable　or　so　contemptible；　so
  lofty　or　so　low　as　to　be　unworthy　of　chronicling；no　groove　of
  human　virtue　or　fault；　success　or　failure；　wisdom　or　folly　that
  did　not　possess　its　own　peculiar　psychological　aspect　and
  therefore　demanded　analysis。
  To　this　analysis　Maupassant　brought　a　facile　and　dramatic　pen；　a
  penetration　as　searching　as　a　probe；　and　a　power　of　psychological
  vision　that　in　its　minute　detail；　now　pathetic；　now　ironical；　in
  its　merciless　revelation　of　the　hidden　springs　of　the　human
  heart；　whether　of　aristocrat；　bourgeois；　peasant；　or　priest；
  allow　one　to　call　him　a　Meissonier　in　words。
  The　school　of　romantic　realism　which　was　founded　by　Merimee　and
  Balzac　found　its　culmination　in　De　Maupassant。　He　surpassed　his
  mentor；　Flaubert；　in　the　breadth　and　vividness　of　his　work；　and
  one　of　the　greatest　of　modern　French　critics　has　recorded　the
  deliberate　opinion；　that　of　all　Taine's　pupils　Maupassant　had　the
  greatest　command　of　language　and　the　most　finished　and　incisive
  style。　Robust　in　imagination　and　fired　with　natural　passion；　his
  psychological　curiosity　kept　him　true　to　human　nature；　while　at
  the　same　time　his　mental　eye；　when　fixed　upon　the　most　ordinary
  phases　of　human　conduct；　could　see　some　new　motive　or　aspect　of
  things　hitherto　unnoticed　by　the　careless　crowd。
  It　has　been　said　by　casual　critics　that　Maupassant　lacked　one
  quality　indispensable　to　the　production　of　truly　artistic　work；
  viz：　an　absolutely　normal；　that　is；　moral；　point　of　view。　The
  answer　to　this　criticism　is　obvious。　No　dissector　of　the　gamut　of
  human　pas…　sion　and　folly　in　all　its　tones　could　present　aught
  that　could　be　called　new；　if　ungifted　with　a　viewpoint　totally
  out　of　the　ordinary　plane。　Cold　and　merciless　in　the　use　of　this
  point　de　vue　De　Maupassant　undoubtedly　is；　especially　in　such
  vivid　depictions　of　love；　both　physical　and　maternal；　as　we　find
  in　〃L'histoire　d'une　fille　de　ferme〃　and　〃La　femme　de　Paul。〃　But
  then　the　surgeon's　scalpel　never　hesitates　at　giving　pain；　and
  pain　is　often　the　road　to　health　and　ease。　Some　of　Maupassant's
  short　stories　are　sermons　more　forcible　than　any　moral
  dissertation　could　ever　be。
  Of　De　Maupassant's　sustained　efforts　〃Une　Vie〃　may　bear　the　palm。
  This　romance　has　the　distinction　of　having　changed　Tolstoi　from
  an　adverse　critic　into　a　warm　admirer　of　the　author。　To　quote　the
  Russian　moralist　upon　the　book：
  〃　'Une　Vie'　is　a　romance　of　the　best　type；　and　in　my　judgment　the
  greatest　that　has　been　produced　by　any　French　writer　since　Victor
  Hugo　penned　'Les　Miserables。'　Passing　over　the　force　and
  directness　of　the　narrative；　I　am　struck　by　the　intensity；　the
  grace；　and　the　insight　with　which　the　writer　treats　the　new
  aspects　of　human　nature　which　he　finds　in　the　life　he　describes。〃
  And　as　if　gracefully　to　recall　a　former　adverse　criticism；
  Tolstoi　adds：
  〃I　find　in　the　book；　in　almost　equal　strength；　the　three　cardinal
  qualities　essential　to　great　work；　viz：　moral　purpose；　perfect
  style；　and　absolute　sincerity。　。　。　。　Maupassant　is　a　man　whose
  vision　has　penetrated　the　silent　depths　of　human　life；　and　from
  that　vantage…　ground　interprets　the　struggle　of　humanity。〃
  〃Bel…Ami〃　appeared　almost　two　years　after　〃Une　Vie；〃　that　is　to
  say；　about　1885。　Discussed　and　criticised　as　it　has　been；　it　is
  in　reality　a　satire；　an　indignant　outburst　against　the　corruption
  of　society　which　in　the　story　enables　an　ex…soldier；　devoid　of
  conscience；　honor；　even　of　the　commonest　regard　for　others；　to
  gain　wealth　and　rank。　The　purport　of　the　story　is　clear　to　those
  who　recognize　the　ideas　that　governed　Maupassant's　work；　and　even
  the　hasty　reader　or　critic；　on　reading　〃Mont　Oriol；〃　which　was
  published　two　years　later　and　is　based　on　a