the　way。＇43＇　　…　　　They　have　no　scruples　in　relation　to　him。　Present
  or　absent；　a　noble　officer　must　certainly　be　plotting　with　his
  emigrant　companions；　and　on　this　a　story　is　concocted。　　Formerly；　to
  prove　that　sacks　of　flour　were　being　thrown　into　the　river；　the
  soldiers　alleged　that　these　sacks　were　tied　with　blue　cords　（cordons
  bleus）。　　Now；　to　confirm　the　belief　that　an　officer　is　conspiring
  with　Coblentz；　it　suffices　to　state　that　he　rides　a　white　horse；　a
  certain　captain；　at　Strasbourg；　barely　escapes　being　cut　to　pieces
  for　this　crime；　〃the　devil　could　not　get　it　out　of　their　heads　that
  he　was　acting　as　a　spy；　and　that　the　little　grey…hound〃　which
  accompanies　him　on　his　rides　〃is　used　to　make　signals。　　〃　　…　　　One
  year　after；　at　the　time　when　the　National　Assembly　completes　its
  work；　M。　de　Lameth；　M。　Fréteau；　and　M。　Alquier　state　before　it　that
  Luckner；　Rochambeau；　and　the　most　popular　generals；　〃no　longer　are
  responsible　for　anything。〃　The　Auvergne　regiment　has　driven　away　its
  officers　and　forms　a　separate　society；　which　obeys　no　one。　　The
  second　battalion　of　Beaune　is　on　the　point　of　setting　fire　to　Arras。
  It　is　almost　necessary　to　lay　siege　to　Phalsbourg；　whose　garrison
  has　mutinied。　　Here；　〃disobedience　to　the　general's　orders　is
  formal。〃　There　〃are　soldiers　who　have　to　be　urged　to　stand　sentinel；
  whom　they　dare　not　put　in　confinement　for　discipline；　who　threaten
  to　fire　on　their　officers；　who　stray　off　the　road；　pillage
  everything；　and　take　aim　at　the　corporal　who　tries　to　bring　them
  back。〃　At　Blois；　a　part　of　the　regiment　〃has　just　arrived　without
  either　clothes　or　arms；　the　soldiers　having　sold　all　on　the　road　to
  provide　for　their　debauchery。〃　One　among　them；　delegated　by　his
  companions；　proposes　to　the　Jacobins　at　Paris　to　〃de…aristocratise〃
  the　army　by　cashiering　all　the　nobles。　　Another　declares；　with　the
  applause　of　the　club；　that　〃seeing　how　the　palisades　of　Givet　are
  constructed；　he　is　going　to　denounce　the　Minister　of　War　at　the
  tribunal　of　the。　　sixth　arrondissement　of　Paris。〃
  It　is　manifest　that；　for　noble　officers；　the　situation　is　no　longer
  tenable。　　After　waiting　patiently　for　twenty…three　months；　many　of
  them　left　through　conscientiousness；　when　the　National　Assembly；
  forcing　a　third　oath　upon　them；　struck　out　of　the　formula　the　name
  of　the　King；　their　born　general。＇44＇　　…　　　Others　depart　at　the　end
  of　the　Constituent　Assembly；　〃because　they　risk　being　hung。〃　A　large
  number　resign　at　the　end　of　1791　and　during　the　first　months　of
  1792；　in　proportion　as　the　new　code　and　the　new　recruiting　system
  for　the　army　develop　their　results。＇45＇　In　fact；　on　the　one　hand；
  through　the　soldiers　and　inferior　officers　having　a　voice　in　the
  election　of　their　chiefs　and　a　seat　in　the　military　courts；　〃there
  is　no　longer　the　shadow　of　discipline；　verdicts　are　given　from　pure
  caprice；　the　soldier　contracts　the　habit　of　despising　his　superiors；
  of　whose　punishments　he　has　no　fear；　and　from　whom　he　expects　no
  reward；　the　officers　are　paralyzed　to　such　a　degree　as　to　become
  entirely　superfluous　personages。〃　On　the　other　hand；　the　majority　of
  the　National　Volunteers　are　composed　of　〃men　bought　by　the　communes
  〃　and　administrative　bodies；　worthless　characters　of　the　street…
  corners；　rustic　vagabonds　forced　to　march　by　lot　or　bribery；〃＇46＇
  and　along　with　them；　enthusiasts　and　fanatics　to　such　an　extent
  that；　from　March；　1792；　from　the　spot　of　their　enlistment　to　the
  frontier；　their　track　is　everywhere　marked　by　pillage；　robbery；
  devastation；　and　assassinations。　　Naturally；　on　the　road　and　at　the
  frontier；　they　denounce；　drive　away；　imprison；　or　murder　their
  officers；　and　especially　the　nobles。　　3/4　And　yet；　in　this
  extremity；　numbers　of　noble　officers；　especially　in　the　artillery
  and　engineer　corps；　persist　in　remaining　at　their　posts；　some
  through　liberal　ideas；　and　others　out　of　respect　for　their
  instructions；　even　after　the　10th　of　August；　even　after　the　2nd　of
  September；　even　after　the　21st　of　January；　like　their　generals
  Biron；　Custine；　de　Flers；　de　Broglie；　and　de　Montesquiou；　with　the
  constant　perspective　of　the　guillotine　that　awaits　them　on　leaving
  the　battlefield　and　even　in　the　ministerial　offices　of　Carnot。
  VII。
  Emigration　and　its　causes。　　…　　The　first　laws　against　the　emigrants。
  It　is；　accordingly；　necessary　that　the　officers　and　nobles　should　go
  away；　should　go　abroad；　and　not　only　they；　but　also　their　families。
  〃Gentlemen　who　have　scarcely　six　hundred　livres　income　set　out　on
  foot；〃＇47＇　and　there　is　no　doubt　as　to　the　motive　of　their
  departure。　　〃Whoever　will　impartially　consider　the　sole　and
  veritable　causes　of　the　emigration；〃　says　an　honest　man；　〃will　find
  them　in　anarchy。　　If　the　liberty　of　the　individual　had　not　been
  daily　threatened；　if；〃　in　the　civil　as　in　the　military　order　of
  things；　〃the　senseless　dogma；　preached　by　the　factions；　that　crimes
  committed　by　the　mob　are　the　judgments　of　heaven；　had　not　been　put
  in　practice；　France　would　have　preserved　three　fourths　of　her
  fugitives。　　Exposed　for　two　years　to　ignominious　dangers；　to　every
  species　of　outrage；　to　innumerable　persecutions；　to　the　steel　of　the
  assassin；　to　the　firebrands　of　incendiaries；　to　the　most　infamous
  charges；　'to　the　denouncement　of'　their　corrupted　domestics；　to
  domiciliary　visits〃　prompted　by　the　commonest　street　rumor；　〃to
  arbitrary　imprisonment　by　the　Committee　of　Inquiry；〃　deprived　of
  their　civil　rights；　driven　out　of　primary　meetings；　〃they　are　held
  accountable　for　their　murmurs；　and　punished　for　a　sensibility　which
  would　touch　the　heart　in　a　suffering　criminal。〃　　…　　〃　Resistance　is
  nowhere　seen；　from　the　prince's　throne　to　the　parsonage　of　the
  priest；　the　tempest　has　prostrated　all　malcontents　in　resignation。〃
  Abandoned　〃to　the　restless　fury　of　the　clubs；　to　informers；　to
  intimidated　officials；　they　find　executioners　on　all　sides　where
  prudence　and　the　safety　of　the　State　have　enjoined　them　not　even　to
  see　enemies。　　。　　。　　。　　Whoever　has　detested　the　enormities　of
  fanaticism　and　of　public　ferocity；　whoever　has　awarded　pity　to　the
  victims　heaped　together　under　the　ruins　of　so　many　legitimate　rights
  and　odious　abuses；　whoever；　finally；　has　dared　to　raise　a　doubt　or　a
  complaint；　has　been　proclaimed　an　enemy　of　the　nation。　　After　this
  representation　of　malcontents　as　so　many　conspirators；　every　crime
  committed　against　them　has　been　legitimated　in　public　opinion。＇48＇
  The　public　conscience；　formed　by　the　factions　and　by　that　band　of
  political　corsairs　who　would　be　the　disgrace　of　a　barbarous　nation；
  have　considered　attacks　against　property　and　towns　simply　as
  national　justice；　while；　more　than　once；　the　news　of　the　murder　of
  an　innocent　person；　or　of　a　sentence　which　threatened　him　with
  death；　has　been　welcomed　with　shouts　of　joy　Two　systems　of　natural
  right；　two　orders　of　justice；　two　standards　of　morality　were
  accordingly　established；　by　one　of　these　it　was　allowable　to　do
  against　one's　fellow…creature；　a　reputed　aristocrat；　that　which
  would　be　criminal　if　he　were　a　patriot。　　。　　。　　。　　Was　it　foreseen
  that；　at　the　end　of　two　years；　France；　teeming　with　laws；　with
  magistrates；　with　courts；　with　citizen…guards；　bound　by　solemn　oaths
  in　the　defense　of　order　and　the　public　safety；　would　still　and
  continually　be　an　arena　in　which　wild　beasts　would　devour　unarmed
  men　〃　　…　　With　all；　even　with　old　men；　widows　and　children；　it　is　a
  crime　to　escape　from　their　clutches。　　Without　distinguishing　between
  those　who　fly　to　avoid　becoming　a　prey；　and　those　who　arm　to　attack
  the　frontier；　the　Constituent　and　Legislative　Assemblies　alike
  condemn　all　absentees。　　The　Constituent　Assembly＇49＇　trebled　their
  real　and　personal　taxes；　and　prescribed　that　there　should　be　a
  triple　lien　on　their　rents　and　dues。　　The　Legislative　Assembly
  sequestrates；　confiscates；　and　puts　into　the　market　their
  possessions；　real　and　personal；　amounting　to　nearly　fifteen　hundred
  millions　of　cash　value。　　Let　them　return　and　place　themselves　under
  the　knives　of　the　populace；　otherwise　they　and　their　posterity　shall
  all　be　beggars。　　…　　At　this　stroke　indignation　overflows；　and　a
  bourgeois　who　is　liberal　and　a　foreigner；　Mallet　du　Pan；
  exclaims；＇50＇　〃What！　twenty　thousand　families　absolutely　ignorant　of
  the　Coblentz　plans　and　of　its　assemblies；　twenty　thousand　families
  dispersed　over　the　soil　of　Europe　by　the　fury　of　clubs；　by　the
  crimes　of　brigands；　by　constant　lack　of　security；　by　the　stupid　and
  cowardly　inertia　of　petrified　authorities；　by　the　pillage　of
  estates；　by　the　insolence　of　it　cohort　of　tyrants　without　bread　or
  clothes；　by　assassinations　and　incendiarism；　by　the　base　servility
  of　silent　ministers；　by　the　whole　series　of　revolutionary　scourges；
  …　　what'　these　twenty　thousand　desolate　families；　women　and　old　men；
  must　see　their　inheritances　become　the　prey　of　national　robbery！
  What！　Madame　Guillin；　who　was　obliged　to　fly　with　horror　from　the
  land　where　monsters　have　bur