class；　and　as　heads　of　the　army；　it　is　against　them　that　public
  distrust　excites　the　most　frequent　explosions；　and　so　much　the　more
  as　the　instrument　they　handle　is　singularly　explosive。　　Recruited　by
  volunteer　enlistment　〃amongst　a　passionate；　turbulent；　and　somewhat
  debauched　people；〃　the　army　is　composed　of　〃all　that　are　most　fiery；
  most　turbulent；　and　most　debauched　in　the　nation。〃＇36＇　　Add　to　these
  the　sweepings　of　the　alms…houses；　and　you　find　a　good　many
  blackguards　in　uniform！　When　we　consider　that　the　pay　is　small；　the
  food　bad；　discipline　severe；　no　promotion；　and　desertion　endemic；　we
  are　no　longer　surprised　at　the　general　disorder：　license；　to　such
  men；　is　too　powerful　a　temptation。　　With　wine；　women；　and　money　they
  have　from　the　first　been　made　turncoats；　and　from　Paris　the
  contagion　has　spread　to　the　provinces。　　In　Brittany；＇37＇　the
  grenadiers　and　chasseurs　of　Ile…de…France　〃sell　their　coats；　their
  guns；　and　their　shoes；　exacting　advances　in　order　to　consume　it　in
  the　tavern；〃　fifty…six　soldiers　of　Penthièvre　〃wanted　to　murder
  their　officers；〃　and　it　is　foreseen　that；　left　to　themselves；　they
  will　soon；　for　lack　of　pay；　〃betake　themselves　to　the　highways；　to
  rob　and　assassinate。〃　In　Euree…et…Loir；　the　dragoons；＇38＇　with　saber
  and　pistols　in　hand；　visit　the　farmers'　houses　and　take　bread　and
  money；　while　the　foot　soldiers　of　the　〃Royal…Comtois〃　and　the
  dragoons　of　the　〃Colonel…Général〃　desert　in　bands　in　order　to　go　to
  Paris；　where　amusement　is　to　be　had。　　The　main　thing　with　them　is
  〃to　have　a　jolly　time。〃　In　fact；　the　extensive　military
  insurrections　of　the　earliest　date；　those　of　Paris；　Versailles；
  Besan？on；　and　Strasbourg；　began　or　ended　with　a　revel。　　　…　　　Out　of
  these　depths　of　gross　desires　there　has　sprung　up　natural　or
  legitimate　ambitions。　　A　number　of　soldiers；　for　twenty　years　past；
  have　learned　how　to　read；　and　think　themselves　qualified　to　be
  officers。　　One　quarter　of　those　enlisted；　moreover；　are　young　men
  born　in　good　circumstances；　and　whom　a　caprice　has　thrown　into　the
  army。　　They　choke　in　this　narrow；　low；　dark；　confined　passage　where
  the　privileged　by　birth　close　up　the　issue；　and　they　will　march　over
  their　chiefs　to　secure　advancement。　　These　are　the　discontented；　the
  disputants；　the　orators　of　the　mess…room；　and　between　these　barrack
  politicians　and　the　politicians　of　the　street　an　alliance　is　at　once
  formed。　　　…　　　Starting　from　the　same　point　they　march　on　to　the　same
  end；　and　the　imagination　which　has　labored　to　blacken　the　Government
  in　the　minds　of　the　people；　blackens　the　officers　in　the　minds　of
  the　soldiers。
  The　Treasury　is　empty　and　there　are　arrears　of　pay。　　The　towns；
  burdened　with　debt；　no　longer　furnish　their　quotas　of　supplies；　and
  at　Orleans；　with　the　distress　of　the　municipality　before　them；　the
  Swiss　of　Chateauvieux　were　obliged　to　impose　on　themselves　a
  stoppage　of　one　sou　per　day　and　per　man　to　have　wood　in　winter。＇39＇
  Grain　is　scarce；　the　flour　is　spoilt；　and　the　army　bread；　which　was
  bad；　has　become　worse。　　The　administration；　worm…eaten　by　old
  abuses；　is　deranged　through　the　new　disorder；　the　soldiers　suffering
  as　well　through　its　dissolution　as　through　their　extravagance。　　　…
  They　think　themselves　robbed　and　they　complain；　at　first　with
  moderation；　and　justice　is　done　to　their　well…founded　claims。　　Soon
  they　exact　accounts；　and　these　are　made　out　for　them。　At　Strasbourg；
  on　these　being　verified　before　Kellermann　and　a　commissioner　of　the
  National　Assembly；　it　is　proved　that　they　have　not　been　wronged　out
  of　a　sou；　nevertheless　a　gratification　of　six　francs　a　head　is　given
  to　them；　and　they　cry　out　that　they　are　content　and　have　nothing
  more　to　ask　for。　　A　few　months　after　this　fresh　complaints　arise；
  and　there　is　a　new　verification：　an　ensign；　accused　of　embezzlement
  and　whom　they　wished　to　hang；　is　tried　in　their　presence；　his
  accounting　is　tidy；　none　of　them　can　cite　against　him　a　proven
  charge；　and；　once　more；　they　remain　silent。　　On　other　occasions；
  after　hearing　the　reading　of　registers　for　several　hours；　they　yawn；
  cease　to　listen；　and　go　outside　to　get　something　to　drink。　　　…　　　But
  the　figures　of　their　demands；　as　these　have　been　summed　up　by　their
  mess…room　calculators；　remain　implanted　in　their　brains；　they　have
  taken　root　there；　and　are　constantly　springing　up　without　any
  account　or　refutation　being　able　to　extirpate　them。　No　more　writings
  nor　speeches　　…　　　what　they　want　is　money：　11；000　livres　for　the
  Beaune　regiment；　39；500　livres　for　that　of　Forez；　44；000　livres　for
  that　of　Salm；　200；000　livres　for　that　of　Chateauvieux；　and　similarly
  for　the　rest。　　So　much　the　worse　for　the　officers　if　the　money…chest
  does　not　suffice　for　them；　let　them　assess　each　other；　or　borrow　on
  their　note　of　hand　from　the　municipality；　or　from　the　rich　men　of
  the　town。　　　…　　　For　greater　security；　in　divers　places；　the　soldiers
  take　possession　of　the　military　chest　and　mount　guard　around　it：　it
  belongs　to　them；　since　they　form　the　regiment；　and；　in　any　case；　it
  is　better　that　it　should　be　in　their　hands　than　in　suspected　hands。
  …　　　Already；　on　the　4th　of　June；　1790；　the　Minister　of　War　announces
  to　the　Assembly　that　〃the　military　body　threatens　to　fall　into　a
  perfect　state　of　anarchy。〃　His　report　shows　〃the　most　incredible
  pretensions　put　forth　in　the　most　plain…spoken　way　　…　　　orders
  without　force；　chiefs　without　authority；　the　military　chest　and
  flags　carried　away；　the　orders　of　the　King　himself　openly　defied；
  the　officers　condemned；　insulted；　threatened；　driven　off；　some　of
  them　even　captive　amidst　their　own　troops；　leading　a　precarious　life
  in　the　midst　of　disgust　and　humiliations；　and；　as　the　climax　of
  horror；　commanders　having　their　throat　cut　under　the　eyes　and　almost
  in　the　arms　of　their　own　soldiers。〃
  It　is　much　worse　after　the　July　Federation。　　Entertained；　flattered；
  and　indoctrinated　at　the　clubs；　their　delegates；　inferior　officers
  and　privates；　return　to　the　regiment　Jacobins；　and　henceforth
  correspond　with　the　Jacobins　of　Paris；　〃receiving　their　instructions
  and　reporting　to　them；〃＇40＇　　…　　Three　weeks　later；　the　Minister　of
  War　gives　notice　to　the　National　Assembly　that　there　is　no　limit　to
  the　license　in　the　army。　　〃Couriers；　the　bearers　of　fresh
  complaints；　are　arriving　constantly。〃　In　one　place　〃a　statement　of
  the　fund　is　demanded；　and　it　is　proposed　to　divide　it。〃　Elsewhere；　a
  garrison；　with　drums　beating；　leaves　the　town；　deposes　its　officers；
  and　comes　back　sword　in　hand。　　Each　regiment　is　governed　by　a
  committee　of　soldiers。　　〃It　is　in　this　committee　that　the　detention
  of　the　lieutenant…colonel　of　Poitou　has　been　twice　arranged；　here　it
  is　that　'Royal…Champagne'　conceived　the　insurrection〃　by　which　it
  refused　to　recognize　a　sub…lieutenant　sent　to　it。　　〃Every　day　the
  minister's　cabinet　is　filled　with　soldiers　who　are　sent　as
  representatives　to　him；　and　who　proudly　come　and　intimate　to　him　the
  will　of　their　constituents。〃　Finally；　at　Strasbourg；　seven
  regiments；　each　represented　by　three　delegates；　formed　a　military
  congress。　　The　same　month；　the　terrible　insurrection　of　Nancy　breaks
  out　　…　　　three　regiments　in　revolt；　the　populace　with　them；　the
  arsenal　pillaged；　three　hours　of　furious　fighting　in　the　streets；
  the　insurgents　firing　from　the　windows　of　the　houses　and　from　the
  cellar　openings；　five　hundred　dead　among　the　victors；　and　three
  thousand　among　the　vanquished。　　　…　　　The　following　month；　and　for
  six　weeks；＇41＇　there　is　another　insurrection；　less　bloody；　but　more
  extensive；　better　arranged　and　more　obstinate；　that　of　the　whole
  squadron　at　Brest；　a　mutiny　of　twenty　thousand　men；　at　first　against
  their　admiral　and　their　officers；　then　against　the　new　penal　code
  and　against　the　National　Assembly　itself。　　The　latter；　after
  remonstrating　in　vain；　is　obliged　not　only　not　to　take　rigorous
  measures；　but　again　to　revise　its　laws。＇42＇
  》From　this　time　forth；　I　cannot　enumerate　the　constant　outbreaks　in
  the　fleet　and　in　the　army。　　　…　　　Authorized　by　the　minister；　the
  soldier　goes　to　the　club；　where　he　is　repeatedly　told　that　his
  officers；　being　aristocrats；　are　traitors。　　At　Dunkirk；　he　is
  additionally　taught　how　to　get　rid　of　them。　Clamors；　denunciations；
  insults；　musket…shots　　…　　　these　are　the　natural　means；　and　they　are
  put　in　practice：　but　there　is　another；　recently　discovered；　by　which
  an　energetic　officer　of　whom　they　are　afraid　may　be　driven　away。
  Some　patriotic　bully　is　found　who　comes　and　insults　him。　If　the
  officer　fights　and　is　not　killed；　the　municipal　authorities　have　him
  arraigned；　and　his　chiefs　send　him　off　along　with　his　seconds　〃in
  order　not　to　disturb　the　harmony　between　the　soldier　and　the
  citizen。〃　If　he　declines　the　proposed　duel；　the　contempt　of　his　men
  obliges　him　to　quit　the　regiment。　　In　either　case　he　is　got　out　of
  the　way。＇43＇　　…　　　They　have　no　scruples　in　relation　to　him。　Present
  or　absent；　a　noble　officer　must　certainly　be　plotting　with　h