possible　to　measure　the　force　of　the　permanent　instincts　which
  attack　it。　　They　are　always　there　even　in　ordinary　times；　we　do　not
  notice　them　because　they　are　kept　in　check；　but　they　are　not　the
  less　energetic　and　effective；　and；　moreover；　indestructible。　　The
  moment　their　repression　ceases；　their　power　of　mischief　becomes
  evident；　just　as　that　of　the　water　which　floats　a　ship；　but　which；
  at　the　first　leak　enters　into　it　and　sinks　it。
  I。
  Old　Religious　Grudges　　　…　　　Montauban　and　N？mes　in　1790。
  Religious　passions；　to　begin　with；　are　not　to　be　kept　down　by
  federations；　embraces；　and　effusions　of　fraternity。　　In　the　south；
  where　the　Protestants　have　been　persecuted　for　more　than　a　century；
  hatreds　exist　more　than　a　century　old。＇1＇　In　vain　have　the　odious
  edicts　which　oppressed　them　fallen　into　desuetude　for　the　past
  twenty　years；　in　vain　have　civil　rights　been　restored　to　them　since
  1787：　The　past　still　lives　in　transmitted　recollections；　and　two
  groups　are　confronting　each　other；　one　Protestant　and　the　other
  Catholic；　each　defiant；　hostile；　ready　to　act　on　the　defensive；　and
  interpreting　the　preparations　of　its　adversary　as　a　plan　of　attack。
  Under　such　circumstances　the　guns　go　off　of　their　own　accord。　　…　　On
  a　sudden　alarm　at　Uzès＇2＇　the　Catholics；　two　thousand　in　number；
  take　possession　of　the　bishop's　palace　and　the　H？tel…de…Ville；　while
  the　Protestants；　numbering　four　hundred；　assemble　outside　the　walls
  on　the　esplanade；　and　pass　the　night　under　arms；　each　troop
  persuaded　that　the　other　is　going　to　massacre　it；　one　party
  summoning　the　Catholics　of　Jalès　to　its　aid；　and　the　other　the
  Protestants　of　Gardonnenque。　　…　　There　is　but　one　way　of　avoiding
  civil　war　between　parties　in　such　an　attitude；　and　that　is　the
  ascendancy　of　an　energetic　third　party；　impartial　and　on　the　spot。
  A　plan　to　this　effect；　which　promises　well；　is　proposed　by　the
  military　commandant　of　Languedoc。＇3＇　　According　to　him　the　two
  firebrands　are；　on　the　one　hand；　the　bishops　of　Lower　Languedoc；　and
  on　the　other；　MM。　Rabaut…Saint…Etienne；　father　and　two　sons；　all
  three　being　pastors。　　Let　them　be　responsible　〃with　their　heads〃　for
  any　mob；　insurrection；　or　attempt　to　debauch　the　army；　let　a
  tribunal　of　twelve　judges　be　selected　from　the　municipal　bodies　of
  twelve　towns；　and　all　delinquents　be　brought　before　it；　let　this　be
  the　court　of　final　appeal；　and　its　sentence　immediately　executed。
  The　system　in　vogue；　however；　is　just　the　reverse。　　Both　parties
  being　organized　into　a　body　of　militia；　each　takes　care　of　itself；
  and　is　sure　to　fire　on　the　other；　and　the　more　readily；　inasmuch　as
  the　new　ecclesiastical　regulations；　which　are　issued　from　month　to
  month；　strike　like　so　many　hammers　on　Catholic　sensibility；　and
  scatter　showers　of　sparks　on　the　primings　of　the　already　loaded
  guns。
  At　Montauban；　on　the　10th　of　May；　1790；　the　day　of　the　inventory　and
  expropriation　of　the　religious　communities；＇4＇　the　commissioners　are
  not　allowed　to　enter。　　Women　in　a　state　of　frenzy　lie　across　the
  thresholds　of　the　doors；　and　it　would　be　necessary　to　pass　over
  their　bodies；　a　large　mob　gathers　around　the　〃Cordeliers；〃　and　a
  petition　is　signed　to　have　the　convents　maintained。　…　　The
  Protestants　who　witness　this　commotion　become　alarmed；　and　eighty　of
  their　National　Guards　march　to　the　H？tel…de…Ville；　and　take　forcible
  possession　of　the　guard…house　which　protects　it。　　The　municipal
  authorities　order　them　to　withdraw；　which　they　refuse　to　do。
  Thereupon　the　Catholics　assembled　at　the　〃Cordeliers〃　begin　a　riot；
  throw　stones；　and　drive　in　the　doors　with　pieces　of　timber；　while　a
  cry　is　heard　that　the　Protestants；　who　have　taken　refuge　in　the
  guard…house；　are　firing　from　the　windows。　　The　enraged　multitude
  immediately　invade　the　arsenal；　seize　all　the　guns　they　can　lay
  their　hands　on；　and　fire　volleys　on　the　guard…house；　the　effect　of
  which　is　to　kill　five　of　the　Protestants　and　wound　twenty…four
  others。　　The　rest　are　saved　by　a　municipal　officer　and　the　police；
  but　they　are　obliged　to　appear；　two　and　two；　before　the　cathedral　in
  their　shirts；　and　do　public　penance；　after　which　they　are　put　in
  prison。　　During　the　tumult　political　shouts　have　been　heard：　〃Hurrah
  for　the　nobles！　Hurrah　for　the　aristocracy！　Down　with　the　nation！
  Down　with　the　tricolor　flag！〃　Bordeaux；　regarding　Montauban　as　in
  rebellion　against　France；　dispatches　fifteen　hundred　of　its　National
  Guard　to　set　the　prisoners　free。　　Toulouse　gives　its　aid　to
  Bordeaux。　　The　fermentation　is　frightful。　　Four　thousand　of　the
  Protestants　of　Montauban　take　flight；　armed　cities　are　about　to
  contend　with　each　other；　as　formerly　in　Italy。　　It　is　necessary　that
  a　commissioner　of　the　National　Assembly　and　of　the　King；　Mathieu
  Dumas；　should　be　dispatched　to　harangue　the　people　of　Montauban；
  obtain　the　release　of　the　prisoners；　and　re…establish　order。
  One　month　after　this　a　more　bloody　affray　takes　place　at　N？mes＇5＇
  against　the　Catholics。　　The　Protestants；　in　fact；　are　but　twelve
  thousand　out　of　fifty…four　thousand　inhabitants；　but　the　principal
  trade　of　the　place　is　in　their　hands；　they　hold　the　manufactories
  and　support　thirty　thousand　workmen；　in　the　elections　of　1789　they
  furnished　five　out　of　the　eight　deputies。　　The　sympathies　of　that
  time　were　in　their　favor；　nobody　then　imagined　that　the　dominant
  Church　was　exposed　to　any　risk。　　It　is　to　be　attacked　in　its　turn；
  and　the　two　parties　are　seen　confronting　each　other。　…　　The
  Catholics　sign　a　petition；＇6＇　hunt　up　recruits　among　the　market…
  gardeners　of　the　suburbs；　retain　the　white　cockade；　and；　when　this
  is　prohibited；　replace　it　with　a　red　rosette；　another　sign　of
  recognition。　　At　their　head　is　an　energetic　man　named　Froment；　who
  has　vast　projects　in　view；　but　as　the　soil　on　which　he　treads　is
  undermined；　he　cannot　prevent　the　explosion。　　It　takes　place
  naturally；　by　chance；　through　the　simple　collision　of　two　equally
  distrustful　bodies；　and　before　the　final　day　it　has　commenced　and
  recommenced　twenty　times；　through　mutual　provocations　and
  denunciations；　through　insults；　libels；　scuffles；　stone…throwing；
  and　gun…shots。　…　　On　the　13th　of　June；　1790；　the　question　is　which
  party　shall　furnish　administrators　for　the　district　and　department；
  and　the　conflict　begins　in　relation　to　the　elections。　　The　Electoral
  Assembly　is　held　at　the　guard…house　of　the　bishop's　palace；　where
  the　Protestant　dragoons　and　patriots　have　come　〃three　times　as　many
  as　usual；　with　loaded　muskets　and　pistols；　and　with　full　cartridge…
  boxes；〃　and　they　patrol　the　surrounding　neighborhood。　　On　their
  side；　the　red　rosettes；　royalists　and　Catholics；　complain　of　being
  threatened　and　〃treated　contemptuously〃　（nargués）。　　They　give　notice
  to　the　gate…keeper　〃not　to　let　any　dragoon　enter　the　town　either　on
  foot　or　mounted；　at　the　peril　of　his　life；〃　and　declare　that　〃the
  bishop's　quarters　were　not　made　for　a　guard…house。〃　　…　　　A　mob
  forms；　and　shouting　takes　place　under　the　windows；　stones　are
  thrown；　the　bugle　of　a　dragoon；　who　sounds　the　roll…call；　is　broken
  and　two　shots　are　fired。＇7＇　　The　dragoons　immediately　fire　a　volley；
  which　wounds　a　good　many　people　and　kills　seven。　　From　this　moment；
  firing　goes　on　during　the　evening　and　all　night；　in　every　quarter　of
  the　town；　each　party　believing　that　the　other　wants　to　exterminate
  it；　the　Protestants　satisfied　that　it　is　another　St。　　Bartholomew；
  and　the　Catholics　that　it　is　〃a　Michelade。〃＇8＇　There　is　no　one　to
  act　between　them。　　The　municipality　authorities；　far　from　issuing
  orders；　receive　them：　they　are　roughly　handled；　hustled　and　jostled
  about；　and　made　to　march　about　like　servants。　　The　patriots　seize
  the　Abbé　de　Belmont；　a　municipal　officer；　at　the　H？tel…de…Ville；
  order　him；　on　pain　of　death；　to　proclaim　martial　…law；　and　place　the
  red　flag　in　his　hand。　　〃March；　rascal；　you　bastard！　Hold　up　your
  flag　　…　　higher　up　still　　…　　you　are　big　enough　to　do　that！〃　Blows
  follow　with　the　but…ends　of　their　muskets。　　The　poor　man　spits
  blood；　but　this　is　of　no　consequence；　he　must　be　in　full　sight　at
  the　head　of　the　crowd；　like　a　target；　whilst　his　conductors
  prudently　remain　behind。　　Thus　does　he　advance；　exposed　to　bullets；
  holding　the　flag；　and　finally　becomes　the　prisoner　of　the　red
  rosettes；　who　release　him；　but　keep　his　flag。　　There　is　a　second
  march　with　a　red　flag　held　by　a　town　valet；　and　fresh　gunshots；　the
  red　rosettes　capture　this　flag　also；　as　well　as　another　municipal
  officer。　　The　rest　of　the　municipal　body；　with　a　royal　commissioner；
  take　refuge　in　the　barracks　and　order　out　the　troops。　　Meanwhile
  Froment；　with　his　three　companies；　posted　in　their　towers　and　in　the
  houses　on　the　ramparts；　resist　to　the　last　extremity。　　Daylight
  comes；　the　tocsin　is　sounded；　the　drums　beat　to　arms；　and　the
  patriot　militia　of　the　neighborhood；　the　Protestants　from　the
  mountains；　the　rude　Cévenols；　arrive　in　crowds。　　The　red　rosettes
  are　besieged；　a　Capuchin　conv