are　deliberating；　〃a　few　members　of　the　club〃　get　together　and
  decide　that　M。　　Pascalis　and　M。　　de　la　Roquette　must　be　arrested。
  At　eleven　o'clock　at　night　eighty　trustworthy　National　Guards；　led
  by　the　president　of　the　club；　travel　a　league　off　to　seize　them　in
  their　beds　and　lodge　them　in　the　town　prison。　…　Zeal　of　this　kind
  excites　some　uneasiness；　and　if　the　municipality　tolerates　the
  arrests；　it　is　because　it　is　desirous　of　preventing　murder。
  Consequently；　on　the　following　day；　December　13th；　it　sends　to
  Marseilles　for　four　hundred　men　of　the　Swiss　Guard　commanded　by
  Ernest；　and　four　hundred　National　Guards；　adding　to　these　the
  National　Guard　of　Aix；　and　orders　this　company　to　protect　the　prison
  against　any　violence。　　But；　along　with　the　Marseilles　National
  Guards；　there　came　a　lot　of　armed　people　who　are　volunteers　of
  disorder。　　On　the　afternoon　of　the　13th　the　first　mob　strives　to
  force　the　prison；　and　the　next　day；　fresh　squads　congregate　around
  it　demanding　the　head　of　M。　　Pascalis。　　The　members　of　the　club　head
  the　riot　with　〃a　crowd　of　unknown　men　from　outside　the　town；　who
  give　orders　and　carry　them　out。〃　During　the　night　the　populace　of
  Aix　are　tampered　with；　and　the　dikes　all　give　way　at　the　same
  moment。　　At　the　first　clamors　the　National　Guard　on　duty　on　the
  public　promenade　disband　and　disperse；　while；　as　there　is　no　signal
  for　the　assemblage　of　the　others；　notwithstanding　the　regulations；
  the　general　alarm　is　not　sounded。　　〃The　largest　portion　of　the
  National　Guard　draws　off　so　as　not　to　appear　to　authorize　by　its
  presence　outrages　which　it　has　not　been　ordered　to　prevent。
  Peaceable　Citizens　are　in　great　consternation；〃　each　one　takes　to
  flight　or　shuts　himself　up　in　his　house；　the　streets　being　deserted
  and　silent。　　Meanwhile　the　prison　gates　are　shattered　with　axes。
  The　procureur…syndic　of　the　department；　who　requests　the　commandant
  of　the　Swiss　regiment　to　protect　the　prisoners；　is　seized；　borne
  off；　and　runs　the　risk　of　losing　his　life。　　Three　municipal　officers
  in　their　scarves；　who　arrive　on　the　ground；　dare　not　give　the　order
  required　by　the　commandant。　　At　this　decisive　moment；　when　it　is
  necessary　to　shed　blood　and　kill　a　number　of　men；　they　obviously
  fear　to　take　the　responsibility；　their　reply　is；　〃We　have　no　orders
  to　give。〃　　…　An　extraordinary　spectacle　now　presents　itself　in　this
  barrack　courtyard　surrounding　the　prison。　　On　the　side　of　the　law
  stand　eight　hundred　armed　men；　four　hundred　of　the　〃Swiss〃　and　four
  hundred　of　the　National　Guard　of　Marseilles。　　They　are　drawn　up　in
  battle　array；　with　guns　to　their　shoulders；　with　special　orders
  repeated　the　evening　before　at　three　different　times　by　the
  municipal　district　and　departmental　authorities　and　they　have　the
  sympathies　of　all　honest　people　and　of　most　of　the　National　Guard。
  But　the　legal　indispensable　phrase　does　not　pass　the　lips　of　those
  who　by　virtue　of　the　Constitution　should　utter　it；　and　a　small　group
  of　convicts　are　found　to　be　sovereign。　　　The　three　municipal
  officers　are　seized　in　their　turn　under　the　eyes　of　their　own
  soldiers　who　remain　motionless；　and　〃with　bayonets　at　their　breasts
  they　sign；　under　constraint；　the　order　to　give　up　M。　　Pascalis　to
  the　people。〃　M。　　de　la　Roquette　is　likewise　surrendered。　　〃The　only
  portion　of　the　National　Guard　of　Aix　which　was　visible；〃　that　is　to
  say；　the　Jacobin　minority；　form　a　circle　around　the　gate　of　the
  prison　and　organize　themselves　into　a　council　of　war。　　And　there
  they　stand；　at　once　〃accusers；　witnesses；　judges；　and　executioners。〃
  A　captain　conducts　the　two　victims　to　the　public　promenade　where
  they　are　hung。　　Very　soon　after　this　old　M。　de　Guiramand；　whom　the
  National　Guard　of　his　village　have　brought　a　prisoner　to　Aix；　is
  hung　in　the　same　manner。
  There　is　no　prosecution　of　the　assassins。　　The　new　tribunal；
  frightened　or　forestalled；　has　for　some　time　back　ranged　itself　on
  the　popular　side；　its　writs；　consequently；　are　served　on　the
  oppressed；　against　the　members　of　the　assaulted　dub。　　Writs　of
  arrest；　summonses　to　attend　court；　searches；　seizures　of
  correspondence；　and　other　proceedings；　rain　down　upon　them。　　Three
  hundred　witnesses　are　examined。　　Some　of　the　arrested　officers　are
  〃loaded　with　chains　and　thrust　into　dungeons。〃　Henceforth　the　club
  rules；　and　〃makes　everybody　tremble。〃＇48＇　　〃From　the　23rd　to　the
  27th　of　December；　more　than　ten　thousand　passports　are　delivered　at
  Aix。〃　〃If　the　emigrations　continue；〃　write　the　commissioners；　〃there
  will　be　no　one　left　at　Aix　but　workmen　without　work　and　with　no
  resources。　　Whole　streets　are　uninhabited。　　。　　。　　。　　。　　As　long　as
  such　crimes　can　be　permitted　with　impunity　fear　will　drive　out　of
  this　town　every　one　who　has　the　means　of　living　elsewhere。〃　　…　？Many
  come　back　after　the　arrival　of　the　commissioners；　hoping　to　obtain
  justice　and　security　through　them。　　But；　〃if　a　prosecution　is　not
  ordered；　we　shall　scarcely　have　departed　from　Aix　when　three　or　four
  hundred　families　will　abandon　it。　　。　　。　　。　　And　what　man　in　his
  senses　would　dare　guarantee　that　each　village　will　not　soon　have
  some　one　hung　in　it？　。　　。　　。　　Country　valets　arrest　their　masters。
  。　　。　　。　　The　expectation　of　impunity　leads　the　inhabitants　of
  villages　to　commit　all　sorts　of　depredations　in　the　forests；　which
  is　very　harmful　in　a　region　where　woods　are　very　scarce。　　They　set
  up　the　most　absurd　and　most　unjust　pretensions　against　rich
  proprietors；　and　the　fatal　rope　is　ever　the　interpreter　and　the
  signal　of　their　will。〃　There　is　no　refuge　against　these　outrages。
  〃The　department；　the　districts；　the　municipalities；　administer　only
  in　conformity　with　the　multiplied　petitions　of　the　club。〃　In　the
  sight　of　all；　and　on　one　solemn　day；　a　crushing　defeat　has
  demonstrated　the　weakness　of　the　government　officials；　and；　bowed
  beneath　the　yoke　of　their　new　masters；　they　preserve　their　legal
  authority　only　on　the　condition　that　it　remains　at　the　service　of
  the　victorious　party。
  _____________________________________________________________________
  Notes：
  ＇1＇　Festivals　approving　the　federation　of　all　the　National　Guards　in
  France。　　（SR。）
  ＇2＇　See　the　address　of　the　commune　of　Paris；　June　5；　1790。　　〃Let　the
  most　touching　of　all　utterances　be　heard　on　this　day　（the
  anniversary　of　the　taking　of　the　Bastille）；　Frenchmen；　we　are
  brothers！　Yes；　brothers；　freemen　and　with　a　country！〃　Roux　et
  Buchez；　VI。　　275。
  ＇3＇　Buchez　and　Roux；　IV。　　3；　309；　V。　　123；　VI。　　274；　399。　…
  Duvergier；　Collection　of　Laws　and　Decrees。　　Decree　of　June　8　and　9；
  1790。
  ＇4＇　For　one　who；　like　myself；　has　lived　for　years　among　the　Moslems；
  the　5　daily　ritual　prayers　all　performed　while　turned　towards　Mecca；
  this　description　of　the　French　taking　of　the　oath；　has　something
  familiar　in　it。　　（SR。）
  ＇5＇　Michelet；　〃Histoire　de　la　Révolution　Fran？aise；〃　II；　470；　474。
  ＇6＇　De　Ferrières；　II。　　91。　…　　Albert　Babeau；　I。　　340。　　（Letter
  addressed　to　the　Chevalier　de　Poterat；　July　18；　1790。）　　…　　De
  Dampmartin；　〃Evénements　qui　se　sont　passés　sous　mes　yeux；〃etc。；　155。
  ＇7＇　One　may　imagine　the　impression　Taine's　description　made　upon　the
  thousands　of　political　science　students　and　others　in　the　years
  after　this　book　was　printed　and　widely　sold　all　over　Europe。　　（SR。）
  ＇8＇　Sauzay；　I。　　202。
  ＇9＇　Albert　Babeau；　ib。　　I；　339　　…　　De　Ferrières；　II；　92。
  ＇10＇　〃Archives　Nationales；〃　H。　1453；　Correspondence　of　M。　　de
  Bercheney；　May　23；　1790。
  ＇11＇　〃Archives　Nationales；〃　ibid；　May　13；　1790。　　〃M。　　de　la
  Rifaudière　was　dragged　from　his　carriage　and　brought　to　the　guard…
  house；　which　was　immediately　filled　with　people；　shouting；　'To　the
  lamp　post；　the　aristocrat！'　　…　　The　fact　is　this：　after　his　having
  repeatedly　shouted　Vive　le　Roi　et　la　Nation！　They　wanted　him　to
  shout　Vive　la　Nation！　alone；　upon　which　he　gave　Vive　la　Nation　tant
  qu'elle　pourra。〃　　…　　At　Blois；　on　the　day　of　the　Federation；　a　mob
  promenades　the　streets　with　a　wooden　head　covered　with　a　wig；　and　a
  placard　stating　that　the　aristocrats　must　be　decapitated。
  ＇12＇　Might　Freud　（　1856…　1939）　have　been　inspired；　directly　or
  indirectly；　by　Taine's　observation？　'La　Révolution'　vol。　　I；　was
  published　in　1877　when　Freud　was　21　years　old！！　（SR。）
  ＇13＇　Mercure　de　France；　the　articles　by　Mallet　du　Pan　（June　18th　and
  August　16；　1791；　April　14；　1792）。
  ＇14＇　Moniteur；　IV。　　560。　　（sitting　of　June　5；　1790）　report　of　M。
  Freteau。　　〃These　facts　are　attested　by　fifty　witnesses。〃　　…　　Cf。
  The　number　of　April　19；　1791。
  ＇15＇　Solon　was　a　famous　legislator　who　reformed　Athens　some　2500
  years　ago。　（SR。）
  ＇16＇　〃Archives　Nationales；〃　KK；　1105；　Correspondence　of　M。　　de
  Thiard；　military　commandant　in　Brittany　（September；　1789）；　〃There
  are　in　every　petty　village　three　conflicting　powers；　the　présidial；
  the　bourgeois　militia；　and　the　permanent　committee。　　Each　is　anxious
  to　outrank　the　other；　and；　on　this　occasion；　a　scene　happened　to
  come　und