the　King；　at　the　request　of　the　National　Assembly；＇34＇　order　the
  municipality　to　restore　the　forts　to　the　commandants；　and　to　make
  the　National　Guards　leave　them。　　The　municipal　authorities　become
  indignant；　and　resist。　　According　to　them　the　wrong　is　all　on　the
  side　of　the　commandant　and　the　ministers。　　It　is　the　commandants
  who；　〃with　the　threatening　equipment　of　their　citadels；　their　stores
  of　provisions　and　of　artillery；　are　disturbers　of　the　public　peace。
  What　does　the　minister　mean　by　driving　the　national　troops　out　of
  the　forts；　in　order　to　entrust　their　guardianship　to　foreign　troops？
  His　object　is　apparent　in　this　plan　。　　。　　。　　。　　he　wants　to　kindle
  civil　war。〃　　…　〃All　the　misfortunes　of　Marseilles　originate　in　the
  secret　under…standing　existing　between　the　ministers　and　the　enemies
  of　the　State。〃　The　municipal　corps　is　at　last　obliged　to　evacuate
  the　forts；　but　it　is　determined　not　to　give　them　up。　　The　day
  following　that　on　which　it　receives　the　decree　of　the　National
  Assembly；　it　conceives　the　design　of　demolishing　them。　　On　the　17th
  of　May；　two　hundred　laborers；　paid　in　advance；　begin　the　work　of
  destruction。　　To　save　appearances　the　municipal　body　betakes　itself
  at　eleven　o'clock　in　the　morning　to　the　different　localities；　and
  orders　them　to　stop。　　But；　on　its　departure；　the　laborers　keep　on；
  and；　at　six　o'clock　in　the　evening；　a　resolution　is　passed　that；　〃to
  prevent　the　entire　demolition　of　the　citadel；　it　is　deemed　advisable
  to　authorize　only　that　of　the　part　overlooking　the　town。〃　On　the
  18th　of　May　the　Jacobin　club；　at　once　agent；　accomplice；　and
  councilor　of　the　municipal　body；　compels　private　individuals　to
  contribute　something　towards　defraying　the　expenses　of　the
  demolition。　　It　〃sends　round　to　every　house；　and　to　the　syndics　of
  all　corporations；　exacting　their　quotas；　and　making　all　citizens
  subscribe　a　document　by　which　they　appear　to　sanction　the　action　of
  the　municipal　body；　and　to　express　their　thanks　to　it。　　People　had
  to　sign　it；　pay；　and　keep　silent。　　Woe　to　any　one　that　refused　！〃　On
  the　20th　of　May　the　municipal　body　presumes　to　write　to　the
  Assembly；　that　〃this　threatening　citadel；　this　odious　monument　of　a
  stupendous　despotism；　is　about　to　disappear。〃　To　justify　its
  disobedience；　it　takes　occasion　to　remark；　〃that　the　love　of　country
  is　the　most　powerful　and　most　enduring　of　an　empire's　ramparts。〃　On
  the　28th　of　May　it　secures　the　performance　in　two　theaters　of　a
  piece　representing　the　capture　of　the　forts　of　Marseilles；　for　the
  benefit　of　the　men　engaged　in　their　demolition。　　Meanwhile；　it　has
  summoned　the　Paris　Jacobins　to　its　support；　it　has　proposed　to
  invite　the　Lyons　federation　and　all　the　municipalities　of　the
  kingdom　to　denounce　the　minister。　　It　has　forced　M。　　de　Miran；
  threatened　with　death　and　watched　by　a　party　in　ambush　on　the　road；
  to　quit　Aix；　and　then　demands　his　recall。＇35＇　　Only　on　the　6th　of
  June　does　it　decide；　at　the　express　command　of　the　National
  Assembly；　to　suspend　the　almost　completed　demolition。　…　？Authorities
  to　which　obedience　is　due　could　not　be　treated　more　insolently。　　The
  end；　however；　is　attained；　there　is　no　longer　a　citadel；　and　the
  troops　have　departed；　the　regiment　commanded　by　Ernest　alone
  remains；　to　be　tampered　with；　insulted；　and　then　sent　off。　　It　is
  ordered　to　Aix；　and　the　National　Guard　of　Marseilles　will　go　there
  to　disarm　and　disband　it。　　Henceforth　the　municipal　body　has　full
  sway。　　It　〃observes　only　those　laws　which　suit　it；　makes　others　to
  its　own　liking；　and；　in　short；　governs　in　the　most　despotic　and
  arbitrary　manner。〃＇36＇　　And　not　only　at　Marseilles；　but　throughout
  the　department　where；　under　no　authority　but　its　own；　it　undertakes
  armed　expeditions　and　makes　raids　and　sudden　attacks。
  III。
  Independent　Assemblies。　…　Why　they　took　the　initiative。　…　The　people
  in　council。　…　Powerlessness　of　the　municipalities。　…　the　violence　to
  which　they　are　subject。　…　Aix　in　1790。　…　Government　disobeyed　and
  perverted　everywhere。
  Were　it　but　possible　for　the　dissolution　to　stop　here！　But　each
  commune　is　far　from　being　a　tranquil　little　state　under　the　rule　of
  a　body　of　respected　magistrates。　　The　same　causes　which　render
  municipalities　rebellious　against　the　central　authority　render
  individuals　rebellious　against　local　authority。　　They　also　feel　that
  they　are　in　danger　and　want　to　provide　for　their　own　safety。　　They
  also；　in　virtue　of　the　Constitution　and　of　circumstances；　believe
  themselves　appointed　to　save　the　country。　　They　also　consider
  themselves　qualified　to　judge　for　themselves　on　all　points　and
  entitled　to　carry　out　their　judgments　with　their　own　hands。　　The
  shopkeeper；　workman　or　peasant；　at　once　elector　and　National　Guard；
  furnished　with　his　vote　and　a　musket；　suddenly　becomes　the　equal　and
  master　of　his　superiors；　instead　of　obeying；　he　commands；　while　all
  who　see　him　again　after　some　years'　absence；　find　that　〃in　his
  demeanor　and　manner　all　is　changed。〃　〃There　was　great　agitation
  everywhere；〃＇37＇　says　M。　de　Ségur；　〃I　noticed　groups　of　men　talking
  earnestly　in　the　streets　and　on　the　squares。　　The　sound　of　the　drum
  struck　my　ear　in　the　villages；　while　I　was　astonished　at　the　great
  number　of　armed　men　I　encountered　in　the　little　towns。　　On
  interrogating　various　persons　among　the　lower　classes　they　would
  reply　with　a　proud　look　and　in　a　bold　and　confident　tone。　　I
  observed　everywhere　the　effect　of　those　sentiments　of　equality　and
  liberty　which　had　then　become　such　violent　passions。〃　　…　Thus
  exalted　in　their　own　eyes　they　believed　themselves　qualified　to　take
  the　lead　in　everything；　not　only　in　local　affairs；　but　also　in
  general　matters。　　France　is　to　be　governed　by　them；　by　virtue　of　the
  Constitution　they　arrogate　to　themselves　the　right；　and；　by　dint　of
  ignorance；　attribute　to　themselves　the　capacity；　to　govern　it。　　A
  torrent　of　new；　shapeless；　and　disproportionate　ideas　have　taken
  possession　of　their　brains　in　the　space　of　a　few　months。　　Vast
  interests　about　which　they　have　never　thought；　have　to　be
  considered。　　Government；　royalty；　the　church；　creeds；　foreign
  powers；　internal　and　external　dangers；　what　is　occurring　at　Paris
  and　at　Coblentz；　the　insurrection　in　the　Low　Countries；　the　acts　of
  the　cabinets　of　London；　Vienna；　Madrid；　Berlin；　and；　of　all　this；
  they　inform　themselves　as　they　best　can。　　An　officer；＇38＇　who
  traverses　France　at　this　time；　narrates　that　at　the　post…stations
  they　made　him　wait　for　horses　until　he　had　〃given　them　details。　　The
  peasants　stopped　my　carriage　in　the　middle　of　the　road　and
  overwhelmed　me　with　questions。　　At　Autun；　I　was　obliged；　in　spite　of
  the　cold；　to　talk　out　of　a　window　opening　upon　the　square　and　tell
  what　I　knew　about　the　Assembly。〃　　…　These　on…dits　are　all　changed
  and　amplified　in　passing　from　mouth　to　mouth。　　They　finally　become
  circumstantial　stories　adapted　to　the　caliber　of　the　minds　they　pass
  into　and　to　the　dominant　passion　that　propagates　them。　　Trace　the
  effect　of　these　fables　in　the　house　of　a　peasant　or　fish…woman　in　an
  outlying　village　or　a　populous　suburb；　on　brutish　or　almost　brutal
  minds；　especially　when　they　are　lively；　heated；　and　over…excited　　…
  the　effect　is　tremendous。　　For；　in　minds　of　this　stamp；　belief　is　at
  once　converted　into　action；　and　into　rude　and　destructive　action。
  It　is　an　acquired　self…control；　reflection；　and　culture　which
  interposes　between　belief　and　action　the　solicitude　for　social
  interests；　the　observance　of　forms　and　respect　for　the　law。　　These
  restraints　are　all　wanting　in　the　new　sovereign。　　He　does　not　know
  how　to　stop　and　will　not　suffer　himself　to　be　stopped。　　Why　so　many
  delays　when　the　peril　is　urgent？　What　is　the　use　of　observing
  formalities　when　the　safety　of　the　people　is　at　stake？　What　is　there
  sacred　in　the　law　when　it　protects　public　enemies？　What　is　more
  pernicious　than　passive　deference　and　patient　waiting　under　timid　or
  blind　officials？　What　can　be　more　just　than　to　do　one's　self　justice
  at　once　and　on　the　spot？　　…　Precipitation　and　passion；　in　their
  eyes；　are　both　duties　and　merits。　　One　day　〃the　militia　of　Lorient
  decide　upon　marching　to　Versailles　and　to　Paris　without　considering
  how　they　are　to　get　over　the　ground　or　what　they　will　do　on　their
  arrival。〃＇39＇　　Were　the　central　government　within　reach　they　would
  lay　their　hands　on　it。　　In　default　of　this　they　substitute
  themselves　for　it　on　their　own　territory；　and　exercise　its　functions
  with　a　full　conviction　of　right；　principally　those　of　gendarme；
  judge；　and　executioner。
  During　the　month　of　October；　1789；　at　Paris；　after　the　assassination
  of　the　baker　Fran？ois；　the　leading　murderer；　who　is　a　porter　at　the
  grain　depot；　declares　〃that　he　wanted　to　avenge　the　nation。〃　It　is
  quite　probable　that　this　declaration　is　sincere。　　In　his　mind；
  assassination　is　one　of　the　forms　of　patriotism；　and　it　does　not
  take　long　for　his　way　of　thinking　to　become　prevalent。　　In　ordinary
  times；　social　and