priests；　draped　in　their　albs　and　with　tricolored　belts；　officiate
  around　Talleyrand；　Bishop　of　Autun；　three　hundred　drums　and　twelve
  hundred　musicians　all　play　at　once；　forty　piece　of　cannon　are
  discharged　at　one　volley；　and　four　hundred　thousand　cheers　go　up　as
  if　from　one　threat。　　Never　was　such　an　effort　made　to　intoxicate　the
  senses　and　strain　the　nerves　beyond　their　powers　of　endurance！　…　The
  moral　machine　is　made　to　vibrate　to　the　same　and　even　to　a　greater
  extent。　　For　more　than　a　year　past；　harangues；　proclamations；
  addresses；　newspapers　and　events　have　daily　added　one　degree　more　to
  the　pressure。　　On　this　occasion；　thousands　of　speeches；　multiplied
  by　myriads　of　newspapers；　carry　the　enthusiasm　to　the　highest　pitch。
  Declamation　foams　and　rolls　along　in　a　steady　stream　of　rhetoric
  everywhere　throughout　France。＇7＇　　In　this　state　of　excitement　the
  difference　between　magniloquence　and　sincerity；　between　the　false
  and　the　true；　between　show　and　substance；　is　no　longer
  distinguishable。　　The　Federation　becomes　an　opera　which　is　seriously
  played　in　the　open　street　…　children　have　parts　assigned　them　in　it；
  it　occurs　to　no　one　that　they　are　puppets；　and　that　the　words　taken
  for　an　expression　of　the　heart　are　simply　memorized　speeches　that
  have　been　put　into　their　mouths。　　At　Besan？on；　on　the　return　of　the
  confederates；　hundreds　of　〃youthful　citizens〃　from　twelve　to
  fourteen　years　of　age；＇8＇　in　the　national　uniform；　〃with　sword　in
  hand；〃　march　up　to　the　standard　of　Liberty。　　Three　little　girls　from
  eleven　to　thirteen　years　old　and　two　little　boy　of　nine　years　each
  pronounce　〃a　discourse　full　of　fire　and　breathing　nothing　but
  patriotism；〃　after　which；　a　young　lady　of　fourteen；　raising　her
  voice　and　pointing　to　the　flag；　harangues　in　turn　the　crowd；　the
  deputies；　the　National　Guard；　the　mayor；　and　the　commander　of　the
  troops；　the　scene　ending　with　a　ball。　　This　is　the　universal　finale
  …　men　and　women；　children　and　adults；　common　people　and　men　of　the
  world；　chiefs　and　subordinates；　all；　everywhere；　frisk　about　as　in
  the　last　act　of　a　pastoral　drama。　　At　Paris；　…　writes　an　eye…
  witness；　〃I　saw　chevaliers　of　Saint…Louis　and　chaplains　dancing　in
  the　street　with　people　belonging　to　their　department。〃＇9＇　　At　the
  Champ　de　Mars；　on　the　day　of　the　Federation；　notwithstanding　that
  rain　was　falling　in　torrents；　〃the　first　arrivals　began　to　dance；
  and　those　who　came　after　them；　joining　in；　formed　a　circle　which
  soon　spread　over　a　portion　of　the　Champ　de　Mars。　　。　　。　　。Three
  hundred　thousand　spectators　kept　time　with　their　hands。〃　On　the
  following　days　dancing　is　kept　up　on　the　Champ　de　Mars　and　in　the
  streets；　and　there　is　drinking　and　carousing；　〃there　was　a　ball　with
  refreshments　at　the　Corn…Exchange；　and　on　the　site　of　the　Bastille。〃
  …　At　Tours；　where　fifty…two　detachments　from　the　neighboring
  provinces　are　collected；　about　four　o'clock　in　the　afternoon；＇10＇
  through　an　irresistible　outburst　of　insane　gaiety；　〃the　officers；
  inferior　officers；　and　soldiers；　pell…mell；　race　through　the
  streets；　some　with　saber　in　hand　and　others　dancing　and　shouting
  'Vive　le　Roi！'　'Vive　la　Nation！'　flinging　up　their　hats　and
  compelling　every　one　they　met　to　join　in　the　dance。　　One　of　the
  canons　of　the　cathedral；　who　happens　to　be　passing　quietly　along；
  has　a　grenadier's　cap　put　on　his　head；〃　and　is　dragged　into　the
  circle；　and　after　him　two　monks；　〃they　are　often　embraced；〃　and　then
  allowed　to　depart。　　The　carriages　of　the　mayor　and　the　Marquise　de
  Montausier　arrive；　people　mount　up　behind；　get　inside；　and　seat
  themselves　in　front；　as　many　as　can　find　room；　and　force　the
  coachmen　to　parade　through　the　principal　streets　in　this　fashion。
  There　is　no　malice　in　it；　nothing　but　sport　and　the　overflow　of
  spirits。　　〃Nobody　was　maltreated　or　insulted；　although　almost　every
  one　was　drunk。〃　…　Nevertheless；　there　is　one　bad　symptom：　　the
  soldiers　of　the　Anjou　regiment　leave　their　barracks　the　following
  day　and　〃pass　the　whole　night　abroad；　no　one　being　able　to　hinder
  them。〃　And　there　is　another　of　still　graver　aspect；　at　Orleans；
  after　the　companies　of　the　National　Militia　had　danced　on　the　square
  in　the　evening；　〃a　large　number　of　volunteers　marched　in　procession
  through　the　town　with　drums；　shouting　out　with　all　their　might　that
  the　aristocracy　must　be　destroyed；　and　that　priests　and　aristocrats
  should　be　strung　up　to　the　lamp　post。　　They　enter　a　suspected
  coffee…house；　drive　out　the　inmates　with　insults；　lay　hands　on　a
  gentleman　who　is　supposed　not　to　have　cried　out　as　correctly　and　as
  lustily　as　themselves；　and　come　near　to　hanging　him。＇11＇　　…　　Such　is
  the　fruit　of　the　philosophy　and　the　attitudes　of　the　eighteenth
  century。　　Men　believed　that；　for　the　organization　of　a　perfect
  society　and　the　permanent　establishment　of　freedom；　justice；　and
  happiness　on　earth；　an　inspiration　of　sentiments　and　an　act　of　the
  will　would　suffice。　　The　inspiration　came　and　the　act　was　fulfilled；
  they　have　been　carried　away；　delighted；　affected　and　out　of　their
  minds。　　Now　comes　the　reaction；　when　they　have　to　fall　back　upon
  themselves。　　The　effort　has　succeeded　in　accomplishing　all　that　it
  could　accomplish；　namely；　a　deluge　of　emotional　demonstrations　and
  slogans；　a　verbal　and　not　a　real　contract　ostentatious　fraternity
  skin…deep；　a　well…meaning　masquerade；　an　outpouring　of　feeling
  evaporating　through　its　own　pageantry　…　in　short；　an　agreeable
  carnival　of　a　day's　duration。
  The　reason　is　that　in　the　human　mind　there　are　two　strata。　　One
  superficial；　of　which　men　are　conscious；　the　other　deep　down；　of
  which　they　are　unconscious。＇12＇　　The　former　unstable　and　vacillating
  like　shifting　sand；　the　latter　stable　and　fixed　like　a　solid　rock；
  to　which　their　caprices　and　agitation　never　descend。　　The　latter
  alone　determines　the　general　inclination　of　the　soil；　the　main
  current　of　human　activity　necessarily　following　the　bent　thus
  prepared　for　it。　…　Certainly　embraces　have　been　interchanged　and
  oaths　have　been　taken；　but　after；　as　before　the　ceremony；　men　are
  just　what　many　centuries　of　administrative　thralldom　and　one　century
  of　political　literature　have　made　them。　　Their　ignorance　and
  presumption；　their　prejudices；　hatreds；　and　distrusts；　their
  inveterate　intellectual　and　emotional　habits　are　still　preserved。
  They　are　human；　and　their　stomachs　need　to　be　filled　daily。　　They
  have　imagination；　and；　if　bread　be　scarce；　they　fear　that　they　may
  not　get　enough　of　it。　　They　prefer　to　keep　their　money　rather　than
  to　give　it　away。　　For　this　reason　they　spurn　the　claims　which　the
  State　and　individuals　have　upon　them　as　much　as　possible。　　They
  avoid　paying　their　debts。　　They　willingly　lay　their　hands　on　public
  property　which　is　badly　protected；　finally　they　are　disposed　to
  regard　gendarmes　and　proprietors　as　detrimental；　and　all　the　more　so
  because　this　has　been　repeated　to　them　over　and　over　again；　day
  after　day；　for　a　whole　year。　…　On　the　other　hand　there　is　no　change
  in　the　situation　of　things。　　They　are　ever　living　in　a　disorganized
  community；　under　an　impracticable　constitution；　the　passions　which
  sap　public　order　being　only　the　more　stimulated　by　the　semblance　of
  fraternity　under　which　they　seemed　to　be　allayed。　　Men　cannot　be
  persuaded　with　impunity　that　the　millennium　has　come；　for　they　will
  want　to　enjoy　it　immediately；　and　will　tolerate　no　deception
  practiced　on　their　expectations。　　In　this　violent　state；　fired　by
  boundless　expectations；　all　their　whims　appear　reasonable　and　all
  their　opinions　rational。　　They　are　no　longer　able　to　find　faults
  with　or　control　themselves。　　In　their　brain；　overflowing　with
  emotions　and　enthusiasm；　there　is　no　room　but　for　one　intense；
  absorbing；　fixed　idea。　　Each　is　confident　and　over…confident　in　his
  own　opinion；　all　become　impassioned；　imperious；　and　intractable。
  Having　assumed　that　all　obstacles　are　taken　out　of　the　way；　they
  grow　indignant　at　each　obstacle　they　actually　encounter。　　Whatever
  it　may　be；　they　shatter　it　on　the　instant；　and　their　over…excited
  imagination　covers　with　the　fine　name　of　patriotism　their　natural
  appetite　for　despotism　and　domination。
  France；　accordingly；　in　the　three　years　which　follow　the　taking　of
  the　Bastille；　presents　a　strange　spectacle。　　In　the　words　we　find
  charity　and　in　the　laws　symmetry；　while　the　actual　events　present　a
  spectacle　of　disorder　and　violence。　　Afar；　is　the　reign　of
  philosophy；　close　up　is　the　chaos　of　the　Carlovingian　era。
  〃Foreigners；〃　remarks　an　observer；＇13＇　〃are　not　aware　that；　with　a
  great　extension　of　political　rights；　the　liberty　of　the　individual
  is　in　law　reduced　to　nothing；　while　in　practice　it　is　subject　to　the
  caprice　of　sixty　thousand　constitutional　assemblies；　that　no　citizen
  enjoys　any　protection　against　the　annoyances　of　these　popular
  assemblies；　that；　according　to　the　opinions　which　they　entertain　of
  persons　and　things；　they　act　in　one　place　in　one　way　and　in　another
  place　in　another　way。　　Here；