第 55 节
作者:开了      更新:2021-02-18 23:01      字数:9304
  '3' A special tax paid the king by a plebeian owning a fief。  (TR)
  '4' The right to an income from trust funds。  (SR。)
  '5' Arthur Young; I。  209; 223。  〃If the communes steadily refuse
  what is now offered to them; they put immense and certain benefits
  to the chance of fortune; to that hazard which may make posterity
  curse instead of bless their memories as real patriots who had
  nothing in view but the happiness of their country。
  '6' According to valuations by the Constituent Assembly; the tax on
  real estate ought to bring 240;000;000 francs; and provide one…fifth
  of the net revenue of France; estimated at 1;200;000;000。
  Additionally; the personal tax on movable property; which replaced
  the capitation; ought to bring 60;000;000。  Total for direct
  taxation; 300;000;000; or one…fourth   that is to say; twenty…five
  per cent; of the net revenue。 If the direct taxation had been
  maintained up to the rate of the ancient régime (190;000;000;
  according to Necker's report in May; 1689); this impost would only
  have provided one…sixth of the net revenue; or sixteen percent。
  '7' Dumont; 267。  (The words of Mirabeau three months before his
  death:) 〃Ah; my friend; how right we were at the start when we
  wanted to prevent the commons from declaring themselves the National
  Assembly! That was the source of the evil。  They wanted to rule the
  King; instead of ruling through him。〃
  '8' Gouverneur Morris; April 29; 1789 (on the principles of the
  future constitution); 〃One generation at least will be required to
  render the public familiar with them。〃
  '9' Cf。  〃The Ancient Régime;〃 book II; ch。  III。
  '10' French women did not obtain the right to vote until 1946。 (SR。)
  '11' According to Voltaire (〃L'Homme aux Quarante écus〃); the
  average duration of human life was only twenty…three years。
  '12' Mercure; July 6; 1790。  According to the report of Camus
  (sitting of July 2nd); the official total of pensions amounted to
  thirty…two millions; but if we add the gratuities and allowances out
  of the various treasuries; the actual total was fifty…six millions。
  '13' I note that today in 1998; 100 years after Taine's death;
  Denmark; my country; has had total democracy; that is universal
  suffrage for women and men of 18 years of age for a considerable
  time; and a witty author has noted that the first rule of our
  unwritten constitution is that 〃thou shalt not think that thou art
  important〃。  I have noted; however; that when a Dane praises Denmark
  and the Danes even in the most excessive manner; then he is not
  considered as a chauvinist but admired as being a man of truth。  In
  spite of the process of 'democratization' even socialist chieftains
  seem to favor and protect their own children; send them to good
  private schools and later abroad to study and help them to find
  favorable employment in the party or with the public services。  A
  new élite is thus continuously created by the ruling political and
  administrative upper class。  (SR。)。
  '14' The Ancient Régime;〃 p。388; and the following pages。…〃 Le Duc de
  Broglie;〃 by M。  Goizot; p。  11。  (Last words of Prince Victor de
  Broglie; and the opinions of M。  d'Argenson。)
  '15' De Ferrières; I。  p。2。
  '16' Moniteur; sitting of September 7; 1790; I。  431…437。  Speeches;
  of MM。  de Sillery; de Lanjuinais; Thouret; de Lameth; and Rabaut…
  Saint…Etienne。  Barnave wrote in 1791: 〃It was necessary to be
  content with one single chamber; the instinct of equality required
  it。  A second Chamber would have been the refuge of the
  aristocrats。〃
  '17' Lenin should later create an elite; an aristocracy which; under
  his leadership was to become the Communist party。  Lenin could not
  have imagined or at least would not have been concerned that the
  leadership of this party would fall into the hands of tyrants later;
  under the pressure of age and corruption; to be replaced by the KGB
  and later the FSB。  (SR。)
  '18' 〃De Bouillé;〃 p。  50: 〃All the old noble families; save two or
  three hundred; were ruined。〃
  '19' Cf。  Doniol; 〃La Révolution et la Féodalité。〃
  '20' Moniteur; sitting of August 6; !789。  Speech of Duport:
  〃Whatever is unjust cannot last。  Similarly; no compensation for
  these unjust rights can be maintained。〃 Sitting of February 27;
  1790。  M。  Populus: 〃As slavery could not spring from a legitimate
  contract; because liberty cannot be alienated; you have abolished
  without indemnity hereditary property in persons。〃 Instructions and
  decree of June 15…19; 1791: 〃The National Assembly has recognized in
  the most emphatic manner that a man never could become the
  proprietor of another man; and consequently; that the rights which
  one had assumed to have over the person of the other; could not
  become the property of the former。〃 Cf。  the diverse reports of
  Merlin to the Committee of Feudality and the National Assembly。
  '21' Duvergier; 〃Collection des Lois et Décrets。〃 Laws of the 4…11
  August; 1789; March 15…28; 1790; May 3…9; 1790; June 15…19; 1791。
  '22' Agrier percières  terms denoting taxes paid in the shape of
  shares of produce。  Those which follow: lods; rentes; quint; requint
  belong to the taxes levied on real property。  'Tr。'
  '23' Doniol (〃Noveaux cahiers de 1790〃)。  Complaints of the copy…
  holders of Rouergues and of Quercy; pp。  97…105。
  '24' See further on; book III。  ch。  II。  § 4 and also ch。  III。
  '25' Moniteur; sitting of March 2; 1790。  Speech by Merlin: 〃The
  peasants have been made to believe that the annulation of the
  banalities (the obligation to use the public mill; wine…press; and
  oven; which belonged to the noble) carried along with it the loss to
  the noble of all these; the peasants regarding themselves as
  proprietors of them。〃
  '26' Moniteur; sitting of June 9; !790。  Speech of M。  Charles de
  Lameth  Duvergier (laws of June 19…23 1790; September 27 and
  October 16; 1791)。
  '27' Sauzay; V。  400 …410。
  '28' Duvergier; laws of June 15…19; 1791; of June 18 …July 6; 1792;
  of August 25…28; 1792。
  '29' 〃Institution du Droit Fran?ais;〃 par Argou; I。103。  (He wrote
  under the Regency。) 〃The origin of most of the feoffs is so ancient
  that; if the seigneurs were obliged to produce the titles of the
  original concession to obtain their rents; there would scarcely be
  one able to produce them。  This deficiency is made up by common
  law。〃
  '30' Duvergier (laws of April 8…15; 1791; March 7…11; October 26;
  1791; January 6…10; 1794)。   Mirabeau had already proposed to
  reduce the disposable portion to one…tenth。
  '31' See farther on; book III; ch。  III。
  '32' Mercure; September 10; 1791。  Article by Mallet du Pan。 … Ibid。
  October 15; 1791。
  '33' Should Hitler or Lenin have read and understood the
  consequences of these events they would have deduced that given the
  command from official sources or recognized leaders ordinary people
  all over the world could easily be tempted to attack any group;
  being it Jews; Protestants; Hindus or foreigners。  (SR。)
  '34' 〃Archives Nationales;〃 II。  784。  Letters of M。  de Langeron;
  October 16 and 18; 1789。    Albert Babeau; 〃Histoire de Troyes;〃
  letters addressed to the Chevalier de Poterats ; July; 1790。
  〃Archives Nationales;〃 papers of the Committee on Reports; bundle 4;
  letter of M。  le Belin…Chatellenot to the to the President of the
  National Assembly; July 1; 1791。   Mercure; October 15; 1791。
  Article by Mallet du Pan: 〃Such is literally the language of these
  emigrants; I do not add a word。〃 … Ibid。  May 15; 1790。  Letter of
  the Baron de Bois d'Aizy; April 29;1790; demanding a decree of
  protection fur the nobles。  〃We shall know (then) whether we are
  outlawed or are of any account in the rights of man written out with
  so much blood; or whether; finally; no other option is left to us
  but that of carrying to distant skies the remains of our property
  and our wretched existence。〃
  '35' Mercure; October 15; 1791; and September 10; 1791。  Read the
  admirable letter of the Chevalier de Mesgrigny; appointed colonel
  during the suspension of the King; and refusing his new rank。
  '36' Cf。  the 〃Mémoires〃 of M。  de Boustaquet; a Norman gentleman。
  '37' Cf。  〃The Ancient Régime;〃 books I。  and II。
  '38' Boivin… Champeaux; 〃Notice Historique sur la Révolution dans le
  Département de L'Eure;〃 the register of grievances。  In 1788; at
  Rouen; there was not a single profession made by men。  In the
  monastery of the Deux…Amants the chapter convoked in 1789 consisted
  of two monks。   〃Archives Nationales;〃 papers of the ecclesiastic
  committee; passim。
  '39' 〃Apologie de l'état Religieux〃 (1775); with statistics。  Since
  1768 the decline is 〃frightful。〃 〃It is easy to foresee that in ten
  or twelve years most of the regular bodies will be absolutely
  extinct; or reduced to a state of feebleness akin to death。〃
  '40' Sanzay; I。  224 (November; 1790)。  At Besan?on; out of 266
  mo