replace　them：　at　Bordeaux　only　four　hundred　and　fifty　came　to　the
  poll　out　of　nine　hundred；　while　elsewhere　the　summons　brings
  together　only　〃a　third　or　a　quarter〃　In　many　places　there　are　no
  candidates；　or　those　elected　decline　to　accept。　　They　are　obliged；
  in　order　to　supply　their　places；　to　hunt　up　unfrocked　monks　of　a
  questionable　character。　　There　are　two　parties；　after　this；　in　each
  parish；　two　faiths；　two　systems　of　worship；　and　permanent　discord。
  Even　when　the　new　and　the　old　curés　are　accommodating；　their
  situations　bring　them　into　conflict。　　To　the　former　the　latter　are
  〃intruders。〃　To　the　latter　the　former　are　〃　refractories。〃　By　virtue
  of　his　being　a　guardian　of　souls；　the　former　cannot　dispense　with
  telling　his　parishioners　that　the　intruder　is　excommunicated；　that
  his　sacraments　are　null　or　sacrilegious；　and　that　it　is　a　sin　to
  attend　his　mass。　　By　virtue　of　his　being　a　public　functionary；　the
  latter　does　not　fail　to　write　to　the　authorities　that　the　〃
  refractory　〃　entraps　the　faithful；　excites　their　consciences；　saps
  the　Constitution；　and　that　he　ought　to　be　put　down　by　force。　　In
  other　words；　the　former　draws　everybody　away　from　the　latter；　while
  the　latter　sends　the　gendarmes　against　the　former；　and　persecution
  begins。　…　In　a　strange　reversal；　it　is　the　majority　which　undergoes
  persecution；　and　the　minority　which　carries　it　out。　　The　mass　of　the
  constitutional　curé　is；　everywhere；　deserted。＇79＇　In　La　Vendée　there
  are　ten　or　twelve　present　in　the　church　out　of　five　or　six　hundred
  parishioners；　on　Sundays　and　holidays　whole　villages　and　market…
  towns　travel　from　one　to　two　leagues　off　to　attend　the　orthodox
  mass；　the　villagers　declaring　that　〃if　the　old　curé　can　only　be
  restored　to　them；　they　will　gladly　pay　a　double　tax。〃　In　Alsace；
  〃nine　tenths；　at　least；　of　the　Catholics　refuse　to　recognize　the
  legally　sworn　priests。〃　The　same　spectacle　presents　itself　in
  Franche…Comté；　Artois；　and　in　ten　of　the　other　provinces。
  Finally；　as　in　a　chemical　composition；　the　analysis　is　complete。
  Those　who　believe；　or　who　recover　their　belief；　are　ranged　around
  the　old　curé；　all　who；　through　conviction　or　tradition；　hold　to　the
  sacraments；　all　who；　through　faith　or　habit；　wish　or　feel　a　need　to
  attend　the　mass。　　The　auditors　of　the　new　curé　consist　of
  unbelievers；　deists；　the　indifferent　members　of　the　clubs　and　of　the
  administration；　who　resort　to　the　church　as　to　the　H？tel…de…ville　or
  to　a　popular　meeting；　not　through　religious　but　through　political
  zeal；　and　who　support　the　〃intruder〃　in　order　to　sustain　the
  Constitution。　　All　this　does　not　secure　to　him　very　fervent
  followers；　but　it　provides　him　with　very　zealous　defenders；　and；　in
  default　of　the　faith　which　they　do　not　possess；　they　give　the　force
  which　is　at　their　disposal。　　All　means　are　proper　against　an
  intractable　bishop　or　curé；　not　only　the　law　which　they　aggravate
  through　their　forced　interpretation　of　it　and　through　their
  arbitrary　verdicts；　but　also　the　riots　which　they　stir　up　by　their
  instigation　and　which　they　sanction　by　their　toleration。＇80＇　　He　is
  driven　out　of　his　parish；　consigned　to　the　county　town；　and　kept　in
  a　safe　place。　　The　Directory　of　Aisne　denounces　him　as　a　disturber
  of　the　public　peace；　and　forbids　him；　under　severe　penalties；　from
  administering　the　sacraments。　　The　municipality　of　Cahors　shuts　up
  particular　churches　and　orders　the　nonjuring　ecclesiastics　to　leave
  the　town　in　twenty…four　hours。　　The　electoral　corps　of　Lot　denounces
  them　publicly　as　〃ferocious　brutes；〃　incendiaries；　and　provokers　of
  civil　war。　　The　Directory　of　the　Bas…Rhin　banishes　them　to
  Strasbourg　or　to　fifteen　leagues　from　the　frontier。　　At　Saint…Leon
  the　bishop　is　forced　to　fly。　　At　Auch　the　archbishop　is　imprisoned；
  at　Lyons　M。　　de　Boisboissel；　grand　vicar；　is　confined　in　Pierre…
  Encize；　for　having　preserved　an　archiepiscopal　mandate　in　his　house；
  brutality　is　everywhere　the　minister　of　intolerance。　　A　certain　cure
  of　Aisne　who；　in　1789；　had　fed　two　thousand　poor；　having　presumed　to
  read　from　his　pulpit　a　pastoral　charge　concerning　the　observance　of
  Lent；　the　mayor　seizes　him　by　the　collar　and　prevents　him　from　going
  to　the　altar；　〃two　of　the　National　Yeomanry〃　draw　their　sabers　on
  him；　and　forthwith　lead　him　away　bareheaded；　not　allowing　him　to
  return　to　his　house；　and　drive　him　to　a　distance　of　two　leagues　by
  beat　of　drum　and　under　escort。　　At　Paris；　in　the　church　of　Saint…
  Eustache；　the　curé　is　greeted　with　outcries；　a　pistol　is　pointed　at
  his　head；　he　is　seized　by　the　hair；　struck　with　fists；　and　only
  reaches　the　sacristy　through　the　intervention　of　the　National　Guard。
  In　the　church　of　the　Théatins；　rented　by　the　orthodox　with　all　legal
  formality；　a　furious　band　disperses　the　priests　and　their
  assistants；　upsets　the　altar　and　profanes　the　sacred　vessels。　　A
  placard；　posted　up　by　the　department；　calls　upon　the　people　to
  respect　the　law；　〃I　saw　it；〃　says　an　eye…witness；　〃torn　down　amidst
  imprecations　against　the　department；　the　priests；　and　the　devout。
  One　of　the　chief　haranguers；　standing　on　the　steps　terminated　his
  speech　by　stating　that　schism　ought　to　be　stopped　at　any　cost；　that
  no　worship　but　his　should　be　allowed；　that　women　should　be　whipped
  and　priests　knocked　on　the　head。〃　And；　in　fact；　〃a　young　lady
  accompanied　by　her　mother　is　whipped　on　the　steps　of　the　church。〃
  Elsewhere　nuns　are　the　sufferers；　even　the　sisters　of　Saint…Vincent
  de　Paul；　and；　from　April；　1793；　onward；　the　same　outrages　on　modesty
  and　against　life　are　propagated　from　town　to　town。　　At　Dijon；　rods
  are　nailed　fast　to　the　gates　of　all　the　convents；　at　Montpellier；
  two　or　three　hundred　ruffians；　armed　with　large　ironbound　sticks；
  murder　the　men　and　outrage　the　women。　　　　Nothing　remains　but　to
  put　the　gangsters　under　the　shelter　of　an　amnesty；　which　is　done　by
  the　Constituent　Assembly；　and　to　legally　sanction　the　animosity　of
  local　administrations；　which　is　done　by　the　Legislative
  Assembly。＇81＇　　Henceforth　the　nonjuring　ecclesiastics　are　deprived
  of　their　sustenance；　they　are　declared　〃　suspected　of　revolt　against
  the　law　and　of　evil　intentions　against　the　country。〃　…　Thus；　says　a
  contemporary　Protestant；　〃on　the　strength　of　these　suspicions　and
  these　intentions；　a　Directory；　to　which　the　law　interdicts　judicial
  functions；　may　arbitrarily　drive　out　of　his　house　the　minister　of　a
  God　of　peace　and　charity；　grown　gray　in　the　shadow　of　the　altar〃
  Thus；　〃everywhere；　where　disturbances　occur　on　account　of　religious
  opinions；　and　whether　these　troubles　are　due　to　the　frantic
  scourgers　of　the　virtuous　sisters　of　charity　or　to　the　ruffians
  armed　with　cow…hides　who；　at　N？mes　and　Montpellier；　outrage　all　the
  laws　of　decorum　and　of　liberty　for　six　whole　months；　the　non…juring
  priests　are　to　be　punished　with　banishment。　　Torn　from　their
  families　whose　means　of　living　they　share；　they　are　sent　away　to
  wander　on　the　highways；　abandoned　to　public　pity　or　ferocity　the
  moment　any　scoundrel　chooses　to　excite　a　disturbance　that　he　can
  impute　to　them。〃　…　Thus　we　see　approaching　the　revolt　of　the
  peasantry；　the　insurrections　of　N？mes；　Franche…Comté；　la　Vendée　and
  Brittany；　emigration；　transportation；　imprisonment；　the　guillotine
  or　drowning　for　two　thirds　of　the　clergy　of　France；　and　likewise　for
  myriads　of　the　loyal；　for　husbandmen；　artisans；　day…laborers；
  seamstresses；　and　servants；　and　the　humblest　among　the　lower　class
  of　the　people。　　This　is　what　the　laws　of　the　Constituent　Assembly
  are　leading　to。　　　In　the　institution　of　the　clergy；　as　in　that　of
  the　nobles　and　the　King；　it　demolished　a　solid　wall　in　order　to　dig
  through　it　an　open　door；　and　it　is　nothing　strange　if　the　whole
  structure　tumbles　down　on　the　heads　of　its　inmates。　　The　true　course
  was　to　respect；　to　reform；　to　utilize　rank　and　corporations：　all
  that　the　Assembly　thought　of　was　the　abolition　of　these　in　the　name
  of　abstract　equality　and　of　national　sovereignty。　　In　order　to
  abolish　these　it　executed；　tolerated；　or　initiated　all　the　attacks
  on　persons　and　on　property。　　Those　it　is　about　to　commit　are　the
  inevitable　result　of　those　which　it　has　already　committed；　for；
  through　its　Constitution；　bad　is　changed　to　worse；　and　the　social
  edifice；　already　half　in　ruins　through　the　clumsy　havoc　that　is
  effected　in　it；　will　fall　in　completely　under　the　weight　of　the
  incongruous　or　extravagant　constructions　which　it　proceeds　to
  extemporize。
  ___________________________________________________________________
  Notes：
  ＇1＇　Cf。　　〃The　Ancient　Régime；〃　books　I。　　and　V。
  ＇2＇　Perhaps　we　are　here　at　the　core　of　why　all　regimes　end　up
  becoming　corrupt；　inefficient　and　sick；　their　leaders　take　their
  privileges　for　granted　and　become　more　and　more　inattentive　to　the
  work　which　must　be　done　if　the　people　are　to　be　kept　at　work　and
  possible　adversaries　kept　under　control。　　（SR。）
  ＇3＇　A　special　tax　paid　the　king　by　a　plebeian　owning　a　fief。　　（TR）
  ＇