one　way　to　reach　this　end；　and　that　is　to　see　for　himself；　with　his
  own　eyes；　at　once　in　general　outline　and　in　details；　by　intercourse
  with　the　heads　of　departments；　with　eminent　men　and　specialists；　in
  whom　are　gathered　up　the　information　and　the　ideas　of　a　whole　class。
  Now　the　young　do　not　frequent　society　of　this　description；　either　at
  home　or　abroad；　except　on　the　condition　of　possessing　a　name；
  family；　fortune；　education　and　a　knowledge　of　social　observances。
  All　this　is　necessary　to　enable　a　young　man　of　twenty　to　find　doors
  everywhere　open　to　him　to　be　received　everywhere　on　an　equal
  footing；　to　be　able　to　speak　and　to　write　three　or　four　living
  languages；　to　make　long；　expensive；　and　instructive　sojourns　in
  foreign　lands；　to　select　and　vary　his　position　in　the　different
  branches　of　the　public　service；　without　pay　or　nearly　so；　and　with
  no　object　in　view　but　that　of　his　political　culture　Thus　brought　up
  a　man；　even　of　common　capacity；　is　worthy　of　being　consulted。　　If　he
  is　of　superior　ability；　and　there　is　employment　for　him；　he　may
  become　a　statesman　before　thirty；　he　may　acquire　ripe　capacities；
  become　prime　Minister；　the　sole　pilot；　alone　able；　like　Pitt；
  Canning；　or　Peel；　to　steer　the　ship　of　State　between　the　reefs；　or
  give　in　the　nick　of　time　the　touch　to　the　helm　which　will　save　the
  ship。　　　Such　is　the　service　to　which　an　upper　class　is　adapted。
  Only　this　kind　of　specialized　stud　farm　can　furnish　a　regular　supply
  of　racers；　and；　now　and　then；　the　favorite　winner　that　distances　all
  his　competitors　in　the　European　field。
  But　in　order　that　they　may　prepare　and　educate　themselves　for　this
  career；　the　way　must　be　clear；　and　they　must　not　be　compelled　to
  travel　too　repulsive　a　road。　　If　rank；　inherited　fortune；　personal
  dignity；　and　refined　manners　are　sources　of　disfavor　with　the
  people；　if；　to　obtain　their　votes；　he　is　forced　to　treat　as　equals
  electoral　brokers　of　low　character；　if　impudent　charlatanism；　vulgar
  declamation；　and　servile　flattery　are　the　sole　means　by　which　votes
  can　be　secured；　then；　as　nowadays　in　the　United　States；　and　formerly
  in　Athens；　the　aristocratic　body　will　retire　into　private　life　and
  soon　settle　down　into　a　state　of　idleness。　　A　man　of　culture　and
  refinement；　born　with　an　income　of　a　hundred　thousand　a　year；　is　not
  tempted　to　become　either　manufacturer；　lawyer；　or　physician。　　For
  want　of　other　occupation　he　loiters　about；　entertains　his　friends；
  chats；　indulges　in　the　tastes　and　hobbies　of　an　amateur；　is　bored　or
  enjoys　himself。　　As　a　result　one　of　society's　great　forces　is　thus
  lost　to　the　nation。　　In　this　way　the　best　and　largest　acquisition　of
  the　past；　the　heaviest　accumulation　of　material　and　of　moral
  capital；　remain　unproductive。　　In　a　pure　democracy　the　upper
  branches　of　the　social　tree；　not　only　the　old　ones　but　the　young
  ones；　remain　sterile。　　When　a　vigorous　branch　passes　above　the　rest
  and　reaches　the　top　it　ceases　to　bear　fruit。　　The　élite　of　the
  nation　is　thus　condemned　to　constant　and　irremediable　failures
  because　it　cannot　find　a　suitable　outlet　for　its　activity。　　It　wants
  no　other　outlet；　for　in　all　directions　its　rival；　who　are　born　below
  it；　can　serve　as　usefully　and　as　well　as　itself。　　But　this　one　it
  must　have；　for　on　this　its　aptitudes　are　superior；　natural；　unique；
  and　the　State　which　refuses　to　employ　it　resembles　the　gardener　who
  in　his　fondness　for　a　plane　surface　would　repress　his　best
  shoots。＇13＇　　Hence；　in　the　constructions　which　aim　to　utilize　the
  permanent　forces　of　society　and　yet　maintain　civil　equality；　the
  aristocracy　is　brought　to　take　a　part　in　public　affairs　by　the
  duration　and　gratuitous　character　of　its　mission；　by　the　institution
  of　an　hereditary　character；　by　the　application　of　various　machinery；
  all　of　which　is　combined　so　as　to　develop　the　ambition；　the　culture；
  and　the　political　capacity　of　the　upper　class；　and　to　place　power；
  or　the　control　of　power；　in　its　hands；　on　the　condition　that　it
  shows　itself　worthy　of　exercising　it。　　　　Now；　in　1789；　the　upper
  class　was　not　unworthy　of　it。　　Members　of　the　parliaments；　the
  noblemen；　bishops；　capitalists；　were　the　men　amongst　whom；　and
  through　whom；　the　philosophy　of　the　eighteenth　century　was
  propagated。　　Never　was　an　aristocracy　more　liberal；　more　humane；　and
  more　thoroughly　converted　to　useful　reforms；＇14＇　many　of　them　remain
  so　under　the　knife　of　the　guillotine。　　The　magistrates　of　the
  superior　tribunals；　in　particular；　traditionally　and　by　virtue　of
  their　institution；　were　the　enemies　of　excessive　expenditure　and　the
  critics　of　arbitrary　acts。　　As　to　the　gentry　of　the　provinces；　〃they
  were　so　weary；〃　says　one　of　them；＇15＇　〃of　the　Court　and　the
  Ministers　that　most　of　them　were　democrats。〃　For　many　years；　in　the
  Provincial　Assemblies；　the　whole　of　the　upper　class；　the　clergy；
  nobles；　and　Third…Estate；　furnishes　abundant　evidence　of　its　good
  disposition；　of　its　application　to　business；　its　capacity　and　even
  generosity。　　Its　mode　of　studying；　discussing；　and　assigning　the
  local　taxation　indicates　what　it　would　have　done　with　the　general
  budget　had　this　been　entrusted　to　it。　　It　is　evident　that　it　would
  have　protected　the　general　taxpayer　as　zealously　as　the　taxpayer　of
  the　province；　and　kept　as　close　an　eye　upon　the　public　purse　at
  Paris　as　on　that　of　Bourges　or　of　Montauban。　　　　Thus　were　the
  materials　of　a　good　chamber　ready　at　hand；　and　the　only　thing　that
  had　to　be　done　was　to　convene　them。　　On　having　the　facts　presented
  to　them；　its　members　would　have　passed　without　difficulty　from　a
  hazardous　theory　to　common…sense　practice；　and　the　aristocracy　which
  had　enthusiastically　given　an　impetus　to　reform　in　its　saloons
  would；　in　all　probability；　have　carried　it　out　effectively　and　with
  moderation　in　the　Parliament。
  Unhappily；　the　Assembly　is　not　providing　a　Constitution　for
  contemporary　Frenchmen；　but　for　abstract　beings。　　Instead　of　seeing
  classes　in　society　one　placed　above　the　other；　it　simply　sees
  individuals　in　juxtaposition；　its　attention　is　not　fixed　on　the
  advantage　of　the　nation；　but　on　the　imaginary　rights　of　man。　　As　all
  men　are　equal；　all　must　have　an　equal　share　in　the　government。
  There　must　be　no　orders　in　a　State；　no　avowed　or　concealed　political
  privileges；　no　constitutional　complications　or　electoral
  combinations　by　which　an　aristocracy；　however　liberal　and　capable；
  may　put　its　hands　upon　any　portion　of　the　public　power。　　　　On　the
  contrary；　because　it　was　once　privileged　to　enjoy　important　and
  rewarding　public　employment；　the　candidacy　of　the　upper　classes　is
  now　suspect。　　All　projects　which；　directly　or　indirectly；　reserve　or
  provide　a　place　for　it；　are　refused：　At　first　the　Royal　Declaration；
  which；　in　conformity　with　historical　precedents；　maintained　the
  three　orders　in　three　distinct　chambers；　and　only　summoned　them　to
  deliberate　together　〃on　matters　of　general　utility。〃　Then　the　plan
  of　the　Constitutional　Committee；　which　proposed　a　second　Chamber；
  appointed　for　life　by　the　King　on　the　nomination　of　the　Provincial
  Assemblies。　　And　finally　the　project　of　Mounier　who　proposed　to
  confide　to　these　same　Assemblies　the　election　of　a　Senate　for　six
  years；　renewed　by　thirds　every　two　years。　　This　Senate　was　to　be
  composed　of　men　of　at　least　thirty…five　years　of　age；　and　with　an
  income　in　real　property　of　30；000　livres　per　annum。　　The　instinct　of
  equality　is　too　powerful　and　a　second　Chamber　is　not　wanted；　even　if
  accessible　to　plebeians。　　Through　it；＇16＇
  〃The　smaller　number　would　control　the　greater；〃　。。。　〃we　should　fall
  back　on　the　humiliating　distinctions〃　of　the　ancient　regime；　〃we
  should　revivify　the　germ　of　an　aristocracy　which　must　be
  exterminated。〃。。。。　　〃Moreover；　whatever　recalls　or　revives　feudal
  Institutions　is　bad；　and　an　Upper　Chamber　is　one　of　its　remnants。〃
  。。。。〃If　the　English　have　one；　it　is　because　they　have　been　forced　to
  make　a　compromise　with　prejudice。〃
  The　National　Assembly；　sovereign　and　philosophic；　soars　above　their
  errors；　their　trammel；　and　their　example。　　The　depository　of　truth；
  it　has　not　to　receive　lessons　from　others；　but　to　give　them；　and　to
  offer　to　the　world's　admiration　the　first　type　of　a　Constitution
  which　is　perfect　and　in　conformity　with　principle；　the　most
  effective　of　any　in　preventing　the　formation　of　a　governing　class；
  in　closing　the　way　to　public　business；　not　only　to　the　old　noblesse；
  but　to　the　aristocracy　of　the　future；　in　continuing　and　exaggerating
  the　work　of　absolute　monarchy；　in　preparing　for　a　community　of
  officials　and　administrators；　in　lowering　the　level　of　humanity；　in
  reducing　to　sloth　and　brutalizing　or　blighting　the　elite　of　the
  families　which　maintain　or　raise　themselves；　and　in　withering　the
  most　precious　of　nurseries；　that　in　which　the　State　recruits　its
  statesmen。＇17＇
  Excluded　from　the　Government；　the　aristocracy　is　about　to　retire
  into　private　life。　　Let　us　follow　them　to　their　estates：　Feudal
  rights　instituted