…　Cf。　　Lafayette；　〃Mémoires；〃　and　Madame　Campan；　〃Mémoires。〃
  ＇39＇　〃Procédure　Criminelle　du　Chatelet。〃　Deposition　24。　　A　number　of
  butcher…boys　run　after　the　carriages　issuing　from　the　Petite…Ecurie
  shouting　out；　〃Don't　let　the　curs　escape！〃
  ＇40＇　〃Procédure　Criminelle　du　Chatelet。〃　Depositions　101；　91；　89；
  and　17。　　M。　de　Miomandre；　a　body…guard；　mildly　says　to　the　ruffians
  mounting　the　staircase：　〃My　friends；　you　love　your　King；　and　yet　you
  come　to　annoy　him　even　in　his　palace！〃
  ＇41＇　Malouet；　II。　　2。　　〃I　felt　no　distrust；〃　says　Lafayette　in　1798；
  〃the　people　promised　to　remain　quiet。〃
  ＇42＇　〃Procédure　Criminelle　du　Chatelet。〃　Depositions　9；　16；　60；　128；
  129；　130；　139；　158；　168；　170。　　M。　du　Repaire；　body…guard；　being
  sentry　at　the　railing　from　two　o'clock　in　the　morning；　a　man　passes
  his　pike　through　the　bars　saying；　〃You　embroidered　b。　　。　　。　　；　your
  turn　will　come　before　long。〃　M。　de　Repaire；　〃　retires　within　the
  sentry…box　without　saying　a　word　to　this　man；　considering　the　orders
  that　have　been　issued　not　to　act。〃
  ＇43＇　〃Procédure　Criminelle　du　Chatelet。〃　Depositions　82；　170
  Madame　Campan。　　II。　　87。　　De　Lavalette；　I。33。　　Cf。　　Bertrand　de
  Molleville；　Mémoires。〃
  ＇44＇　Duval；〃　Souvenirs　de　la　Terreur；〃　I。　　78。　（Doubtful　in　almost
  everything；　but　here　he　is　an　eye…witness。　　He　dined　opposite　the
  hair…dresser's；　near　the　railing　of　the　Park　of　Saint…Cloud。）　　M。
  de　Lally…Tollendal's　second　letter　to　a　friend。　　〃At　the　moment　the
  King　entered　his　capital　with　two　bishops　of　his　council　with　him　in
  the　carriage；　the　cry　was　heard；　〃Off　to　the　lamp　post　with　the
  bishops！〃
  ＇45＇　De　Montlosier；　I。　303。　　Moniteur；　sessions　of　the　8th；　9th；
  and　10th　of　October。　　Malouet；　II。　　9；　10；　20。　　Mounier；
  Recherches　sur　les　Causes；　etc。；〃　and　〃Addresse　aux　Dauphinois。〃
  ＇46＇　De　Ferrières；　I。　　346。　（On　the　9th　of　October；　300　members　have
  already　taken　their　passports。）　Mercure　de　France；　No。　　of　the　17th
  October。　　Correspondence　of　Mirabeau　and　M。　de　la　Marck；　I。　116；
  126；　364。
  ＇47＇　Correspondence　of　Mirabeau　and　M。　de　la　Marck；　I。175。　（The
  words　of　Monsieur　to　M。　de　la　Marck。）
  BOOK　SECOND。　　　THE　CONSTITUENT　ASSEMBLY；　AND　THE　RESULT　OF　ITS
  LABORS。
  CHAPTER　I。
  THE　CONSTITUENT　ASSEMBLY。　…　CONDITIONS　REQUIRED　FOR　THE　FRAMING　OF
  GOOD　LAWS。
  Among　the　most　difficult　undertakings　in　this　world　is　the
  formulation　of　a　national　constitution；　especially　if　this　is　to　be
  a　complete　and　comprehensive　work。　　　To　replace　the　old　structures
  inside　which　a　great　people　has　lived　by　a　new；　different；
  appropriate　and　durable　set　of　laws；　to　apply　a　mold　of　one　hundred
  thousand　compartments　on　to　the　life　of　twenty…six　million　people；
  to　construct　it　so　harmoniously；　adapt　it　so　well；　so　closely；　with
  such　an　exact　appreciation　of　their　needs　and　their　faculties；　that
  they　enter　it　of　themselves　and　move　about　it　without　collisions；
  and　that　their　spontaneous　activity　should　at　once　find　the　ease　of
  familiar　routine；　…　is　an　extraordinary　undertaking　and　probably
  beyond　the　powers　of　the　human　mind。　　　In　any　event；　the　mind
  requires　all　its　powers　to　carry　the　undertaking　out；　and　it　cannot
  protect　itself　carefully　enough　against　all　sources　of　disturbance
  and　error。　　　An　Assembly；　especially　a　Constituent　Assembly；
  requires；　outwardly；　security　and　independence；　inwardly；　silence
  and　order；　and　generally；　calmness；　good　sense；　practical　ability
  and　discipline　under　competent　and　recognized　leaders。　　　Do　we　find
  anything　of　all　this　in　the　Constituent　Assembly？
  I。
  These　conditions　absent　in　the　Assembly　…　Causes　of　disorder　and
  irrationality　…　The　place　of　meeting　…　The　large　number　of　deputies
  …　Interference　of　the　galleries　…　Rules　of　procedure　wanting；
  defective；　or　disregarded。…　The　parliamentary　leaders　…
  Susceptibility　and　over…excitement　of　the　Assembly　…　Its　paroxysms
  of　enthusiasm。　…　Its　tendency　to　emotion。　　　…It　encourages
  theatrical　display　…　Changes　which　these　displays　introduce　in　its
  good　intentions。
  We　have　only　to　look　at　it　outwardly　to　have　some　doubts　about　it。
  At　Versailles；　and　then　at　Paris；　the　sessions　are　held　in　an
  immense　hall　capable　of　seating　2；000　persons；　in　which　the　most
  powerful　voice　must　be　strained　in　order　to　be　heard。　　　It　is　not
  calculated　for　the　moderate　tone　suitable　for　the　discussion　of
  business；　the　speaker　is　obliged　to　shout；　and　the　strain　on　the
  voice　communicates　itself　to　the　mind；　the　place　itself　suggests
  declamation；　and　this　all　the　more　readily　because　the　assemblage
  consists　of　1；200；　that　is　to　say；　a　crowd；　and　almost　a　mob。　　　'At
  the　present　day　（1877）；　in　our　assemblies　of　five　or　six　hundred
  deputies；　there　are　constant　interruptions　and　an　incessant　buzz；
  there　is　nothing　so　rare　as　self…control；　and　the　firm　resolve　to
  give　an　hour's　attention　to　a　discourse　opposed　to　the　opinions　of
  the　hearers。　　What　can　be　done　here　to　compel　silence　and
  patience？　Arthur　Young　on　different　occasions　sees　〃a　hundred
  members　on　the　floor　at　once；〃　shouting　and　gesticulating。
  〃Gentlemen；　you　are　killing　me！〃　says　Bailly；　one　day；　sinking　with
  exhaustion。　Another　president　exclaims　in　despair；　〃Two　hundred
  speaking　at　the　same　time　cannot　be　heard；　will　you　make　it
  impossible　then　to　restore　order　in　the　Assembly？〃　The　rumbling；
  discordant　din　is　further　increased　by　the　uproar　of　the
  galleries。＇1＇
  〃In　the　British　Parliament；〃　writes　Mallet　du　Pan；　〃I　saw　the
  galleries　cleared　in　a　trice　because　the　Duchess　of　Gordon　happened
  unintentionally　to　laugh　too　loud。〃
  Here；　the　thronging　crowd　of　spectators；　stringers；　delegates　from
  the　Palais…Royal；　soldiers　disguised　as　citizens；　and　prostitutes
  collected　and　marshaled；　applaud；　clap　their　hands；　stamp　and　hoot；
  at　their　pleasure。　　　This　is　carried　to　so　great　an　extent　that　M。
  de　Montlosier　ironically　proposes　〃to　give　the　galleries　a　voice　in
  the　deliberations。〃＇2＇　Another　member　wishes　to　know　whether　the
  representatives　are　so　many　actors；　whom　the　nation　sends　there　to
  endure　the　hisses　of　the　Paris　public。　　Interruptions；　in　fact；　take
  place　as　in　a　theater；　and；　frequently；　if　the　members　do　not　give
  satisfaction；　they　are　forced　to　desist。　　On　the　other　hand；　the
  deputies　who　are　popular　with　this　energetic　audience；　on　which　they
  keep　and　eye；　are　actors　before　the　footlights：　they　involuntarily
  yield　to　its　influence；　and　exaggerate　their　ideas　as　well　as　their
  words　to　be　in　unison　with　it。　　　Tumult　and　violence；　under　such
  circumstances；　become　a　matter　of　course；　and　the　chances　of　an
  Assembly　acting　wisely　are　diminished　by　one…half；　on　becoming　a
  club　of　agitators；　it　ceases　to　be　a　conclave　of　legislators。
  Let　us　enter　and　see　how　this　one　proceeds。　　　Thus　encumbered；　thus
  surrounded　and　agitated；　does　it　take　at　least　those　precautions
  without　which　no　assembly　of　men　can　govern　itself。　　　When　several
  hundred　persons　assemble　together　for　deliberation；　it　is　evident
  that　some　sort　of　an　internal　police　is　necessary；　first　of　all；
  some　code　of　accepted　usage；　some　written　precedents；　by　which　its
  acts　may　be　prepared　and　defined；　considered　in　detail；　and　properly
  passed。　　　The　best　of　these　codes　it　ready　to　hand：　at　the　request
  of　Mirabeau；　Romilly　has　sent　over　the　standing　orders　of　the
  English　House　of　Commons。＇3｝　But　with　the　presumption　of　novices；
  they　pay　no　attention　to　this　code；　they　imagine　it　is　needless　for
  them；　they　will　borrow　nothing　from　foreigners；　they　accord　no
  authority　to　experience；　and；　not　content　with　rejecting　the　forms
  it　prescribes；　〃it　is　with　difficulty　they　can　be　made　to　follow　any
  rule　whatever。〃　They　leave　the　field　open　to　the　impulsiveness　of
  individuals；　any　kind　of　influence；　even　that　of　a　deputy；　even　of
  one　elected　by　themselves；　is　suspected　by　them；　hence　their　choice
  of　a　new　president　every　fortnight。　　…　　They　submit　to　no　constraint
  or　control；　neither　to　the　legal　authority　of　a　parliamentary　code；
  nor　to　the　moral　authority　of　parliamentary　chiefs。　　　They　are
  without　any　such；　they　are　not　organized　in　parties；　neither　on　one
  side　nor　on　the　other　is　a　recognized　leader　found　who　fixes　the
  time；　arranges　the　debate；　draws　up　the　motion；　assigns　parts；　and
  gives　the　rein　to　or　restrains　his　supporters。　　　Mirabeau　is　the
  only　one　capable　of　obtaining　this　ascendancy；　but；　on　the　opening
  of　the　Assembly；　he　is　discredited　by　the　notoriety　of　his　vices；
  and；　towards　the　last；　is　compromised　by　his　connections　with　the
  Court。　　　No　other　is　of　sufficient　eminence　to　have　any　influence；
  there　is　too　much　of　average　and　too　little　of　superior　talent。　　…
  Their　self…esteem　is；　moreover；　as　yet　too　strong　to　allow　any
  concessions。　　　Each　of　these　improvised　legislators　has　come
  satisfied　with　his　own　system；　and　to　submit　to　a　leader　to　whom　he
  would　entrust　his　political　conscience；　to　make　of　him　what