whom　the　stagnation　of　manufactures；　the　augmentation　of　octrois；
  the　rigor　of　winter；　and　the　dearness　of　bread　have　reduced　to
  extreme　distress。　　Remember　that　in　1786　〃two　hundred　thousand
  persons　are　counted　whose　property；　all　told；　has　not　the　intrinsic
  worth　of　fifty　crowns。〃　Remember　that；　from　time　immemorial；　these
  have　been　at　war　with　the　city　watchmen。　　Remember　that　in　1789
  there　are　twenty　thousand　poachers　in　the　capital　and　that；　to
  provide　them　with　work；　it　is　found　necessary　to　establish　national
  workshops。　　Remember　〃that　twelve　thousand　are　kept　uselessly
  occupied　digging　on　the　hill　of　Montmartre；　and　paid　twenty　sous　per
  day。　　Remember　that　the　wharves　and　quays　are　covered　with　them；
  that　the　H？tel…de…Ville　is　invested　by　them；　and　that；　around　the
  palace；　they　seem　to　be　a　reproach　to　the　inactivity　of　disarmed
  justice。〃　Daily　they　grow　bitter　and　excited　around　the　doors　of　the
  bakeries；　where；　kept　waiting　a　long　time；　they　are　not　sure　of
  obtaining　bread。　　You　can　imagine　the　fury　and　the　force　with　which
  they　will　storm　any　obstacle　to　which　their　attention　may　be
  directed。
  II。　　The　Press。
  Excitement　of　the　press　and　of　opinion。　　…　The　people　make　their
  choice。
  Such　an　obstacle　has　been　pointed　out　to　them　during　the　last　two
  years；　it　is　the　Ministry；　the　Court；　the　Government；　in　short　the
  entire　ancient　régime。　　Whoever　protests　against　it　in　favor　of　the
  people　is　sure　to　be　followed　as　far；　and　perhaps　even　farther；　than
  he　chooses　to　lead。　　　The　moment　the　Parliament　of　a　large　city
  refuses　to　register　fiscal　edicts　it　finds　a　riot　at　its　service。
  On　the　7th　of　June　1788；　at　Grenoble；　tiles　rain　down　on　the　heads
  of　the　soldiery；　and　the　military　force　is　powerless。　　At　Rennes；　to
  put　down　the　rebellious　city；　an　army　and　after　this　a　permanent
  camp　of　four　regiments　of　infantry　and　two　of　cavalry；　under　the
  command　of　a　Marshal　of　France；　is　required。＇6＇　　…　　The　following
  year；　when　the　Parliaments　now　side　with　the　privileged　class；　the
  disturbances　again　begin；　but　this　time　against　the　Parliaments。　　In
  February　1789；　at　Besan？on　and　at　Aix；　the　magistrates　are　hooted
  at；　chased　in　the　streets；　besieged　in　the　town　hall；　and　obliged　to
  conceal　themselves　or　take　to　flight。　　　If　such　is　the　disposition
  in　the　provincial　capitals；　what　must　it　be　in　the　capital　of　the
  kingdom？　For　a　start；　in　the　month　of　August；　1788；　after　the
  dismissal　of　Brienne　and　Lamoignon；　the　mob；　collected　on　the　Place
  Dauphine；　constitutes　itself　judge；　burns　both　ministers　in　effigy；
  disperses　the　watch；　and　resists　the　troops：　no　sedition；　as　bloody
  as　this；　had　been　seen　for　a　century。　　Two　days　later；　the　riot
  bursts　out　a　second　time；　the　people　are　seized　with　a　resolve　to　go
  and　burn　the　residences　of　the　two　ministers　and　that　of　Dubois；　the
  lieutenant　of　police。　　　Clearly　a　new　ferment　has　been　infused
  among　the　ignorant　and　brutal　masses；　and　the　new　ideas　are
  producing　their　effect。　　They　have　for　a　long　time　imperceptibly
  been　filtering　downwards　from　layer　to　layer　After　having　gained
  over　the　aristocracy；　the　whole　of　the　lettered　portion　of　the
  Third…Estate；　the　lawyers；　the　schools；　all　the　young；　they　have
  insinuated　themselves　drop　by　drop　and　by　a　thousand　fissures　into
  the　class　which　supports　itself　by　the　labor　of　its　own　hands。
  Noblemen；　at　their　toilettes；　have　scoffed　at　Christianity；　and
  affirmed　the　rights　of　man　before　their　valets；　hairdressers；
  purveyors；　and　all　those　that　are　in　attendance　upon　them。　　Men　of
  letters；　lawyers；　and　attorneys　have　repeated；　in　the　bitterest
  tone；　the　same　diatribes　and　the　same　theories　in　the　coffee…houses
  and　in　the　restaurants；　on　the　promenades　and　in　all　public　places。
  They　have　spoken　out　before　the　lower　class　as　if　it　were　not
  present；　and；　from　all　this　eloquence　poured　out　without　precaution；
  some　bubbles　besprinkle　the　brain　of　the　artisan；　the　publican；　the
  messenger；　the　shopkeeper；　and　the　soldier。
  Hence　it　is　that　a　year　suffices　to　convert　mute　discontent　into
  political　passion。　　From　the　5th　of　July　1787；　on　the　invitation　of
  the　King；　who　convokes　the　States…General　and　demands　advice　from
  everybody；　both　speech　and　the　press　alter　in　tone。＇7＇　　Instead　of
  general　conversation　of　a　speculative　turn　there　is　preaching；　with
  a　view　to　practical　effect；　sudden；　radical；　and　close　at　hand；
  preaching　as　shrill　and　thrilling　as　the　blast　of　a　trumpet。
  Revolutionary　pamphlets　appear　in　quick　succession：　〃Qu'est…ce　que
  le　Tiers？〃　by　Sieyès；　〃Mémoire　pour　le　Peuple　Fran？ais；〃　by　Cerutti；
  〃Considerations　sur　les　Intérêts　des　Tiers…Etat；〃　by　Rabtau　Saint…
  Etienne；　〃Ma　Pétition；〃　by　Target；　〃Les　Droits　des　Etats…généraux；〃
  by　M。　d'Entraigues；　and；　a　little　later；　〃La　France　libre；〃　par
  Camille　Desmoulins；　and　others　by　hundreds　and　thousands。＇8＇　　All　of
  which　are　repeated　and　amplified　in　the　electoral　assemblies；　where
  new…made　citizens　come　to　declaim　and　increase　their　own
  excitement。＇9＇　　The　unanimous；　universal　and　daily　shout　rolls　along
  from　echo　to　echo；　into　barracks　and　into　faubourgs；　into　markets；
  workshops；　and　garrets。　　In　the　month　of　February；　1789；　Necker
  avows　〃that　obedience　is　not　to　be　found　anywhere；　and　that　even　the
  troops　are　not　to　be　relied　on。〃　In　the　month　of　May；　the
  fisherwomen；　and　next　the　greengrocers；　of　the　town　market　halls
  come　to　recommend　the　interests　of　the　people　to　the　bodies　of
  electors；　and　to　sing　rhymes　in　honor　of　the　Third…Estate。　　In　the
  month　of　June　pamphlets　are　in　all　hands；　〃even　lackeys　are　poring
  over　them　at　the　gates　of　hotels。〃　In　the　month　of　July；　as　the　King
  is　signing　an　order；　a　patriotic　valet　becomes　alarmed　and　reads　it
  over　his　shoulder。　　　There　is　no　illusion　here；　it　is　not　merely
  the　bourgeoisie　which　ranges　itself　against　the　legal　authorities
  and　against　the　established　regime。　　It　is　the　entire　people　as
  well。　　The　craftsmen；　the　shopkeepers　and　the　domestics；　workmen　of
  every　kind　and　degree；　the　mob　underneath　the　people；　the　vagabonds；
  street　rovers；　and　beggars；　the　whole　multitude；　which；　bound　down
  by　anxiety　for　its　daily　bread；　had　never　lifted　its　eyes　to　look　at
  the　great　social　order　of　which　it　is　the　lowest　stratum；　and　the
  whole　weight　of　which　it　bears。
  III。
  The　Réveillon　affair。
  Suddenly　the　people　stirs；　and　the　superposed　scaffolding　totters。
  It　is　the　movement　of　a　brute　nature　exasperated　by　want　and
  maddened　by　suspicion。　　　Have　paid　hands；　which　are　invisible
  goaded　it　on　from　beneath？　Contemporaries　are　convinced　of　this；　and
  it　is　probably　the　case。＇10＇　　But　the　uproar　made　around　the
  suffering　brute　would　alone　suffice　to　make　it　shy；　and　explain　its
  arousal。　　…　　On　the　21st　of　April　the　Electoral　Assemblies　have
  begun　in　Paris；　there　is　one　in　each　quarter；　one　for　the　clergy；
  one　for　the　nobles；　and　one　for　the　Third…Estate。　　Every　day；　for
  almost　a　month；　files　of　electors　are　seen　passing　along　the
  streets。　　Those　of　the　first　degree　continue　to　meet　after　having
  nominated　those　of　the　second：　the　nation　must　needs　watch　its
  mandatories　and　maintain　its　imprescriptible　rights。　　If　this
  exercise　of　their　rights　has　been　delegated　to　them；　they　still
  belong　to　the　nation；　and　it　reserves　to　itself　the　privilege　of
  interposing　when　it　pleases。　　A　pretension　of　this　kind　travels
  fast；　immediately　after　the　Third…Estate　of　the　Assemblies　it
  reaches　the　Third…Estate　of　the　streets。　　Nothing　is　more　natural
  than　the　desire　to　lead　one's　leaders：　the　first　time　any
  dissatisfaction　occurs；　they　lay　hands　on　those　who　halt　and　make
  them　march　on　as　directed。　　On　a　Saturday；　April　25th；＇11＇　a　rumor
  is　current　that　Réveillon；　an　elector　and　manufacturer　of　wall…
  paper；　Rue　Saint…Antoine；　and　Lerat；　a　commissioner；　have　〃spoken
  badly〃　at　the　Electoral　Assembly　of　Sainte…Marguerite。　　To　speak
  badly　means　to　speak　badly　of　the　people。　　What　has　Réveillon　said？
  Nobody　knows；　but　popular　imagination　with　its　terrible　powers　of
  invention　and　precision；　readily　fabricates　or　welcomes　a　murderous
  phrase。　　He　said　that　〃a　working…man　with　a　wife　and　children　could
  live　on　fifteen　sous　a　day。〃　Such　a　man　is　a　traitor；　and　must　be
  disposed　of　at　once；　〃all　his　belongings　must　be　put　to　fire　and
  sword。〃　The　rumor；　it　must　be　noted；　is　false。＇12＇　　Réveillon　pays
  his　poorest　workman　twenty…five　sous　a　day；　he　provides　work　for
  three　hundred　and　fifty；　and；　in　spite　of　a　dull　season　the　previous
  winter；　he　kept　all　on　at　the　same　rate　of　wages。　　He　himself　was
  once　a　workman；　and　obtained　a　medal　for　his　inventions；　and　is
  benevolent　and　respected　by　all　respectable　persons。　　　All　this
  avails　nothing；　bands　of　vagabonds　and　foreigners；　who　have　just
  passed　through　the　barriers；　do　not　look　so　closely　into　matters；
  while　the　Journeymen；　the　carters；　the　cobblers；　the　masons；　the
  braziers；　and　the　stone…cutters　whom　they　go　to　s