was　riding　rapidly；　attended　by　his　escort。
  Agathe　had　bestowed　upon　herself　two　large　birdcages；　one　filled　with
  canaries；　the　other　with　Java　sparrows。　She　had　given　herself　up　to
  this　juvenile　fancy　since　the　loss　of　her　husband；　irreparable　to　her；
  as；　in　fact；　it　was　to　many　others。　By　the　end　of　three　months；　her
  widowed　chamber　had　become　what　it　was　destined　to　remain　until　the
  appointed　day　when　she　left　it　forever；a　litter　of　confusion　which
  words　are　powerless　to　describe。　Cats　were　domiciled　on　the　sofa。　The
  canaries；　occasionally　let　loose；　left　their　commas　on　the　furniture。
  The　poor　dear　woman　scattered　little　heaps　of　millet　and　bits　of
  chickweed　about　the　room；　and　put　tidbits　for　the　cats　in　broken
  saucers。　Garments　lay　everywhere。　The　room　breathed　of　the　provinces
  and　of　constancy。　Everything　that　once　belonged　to　Bridau　was
  scrupulously　preserved。　Even　the　implements　in　his　desk　received　the
  care　which　the　widow　of　a　paladin　might　have　bestowed　upon　her
  husband's　armor。　One　slight　detail　here　will　serve　to　bring　the　tender
  devotion　of　this　woman　before　the　reader's　mind。　She　had　wrapped　up　a
  pen　and　sealed　the　package；　on　which　she　wrote　these　words；　〃Last　pen
  used　by　my　dear　husband。〃　The　cup　from　which　he　drank　his　last　draught
  was　on　the　fireplace；　caps　and　false　hair　were　tossed；　at　a　later
  period；　over　the　glass　globes　which　covered　these　precious　relics。
  After　Bridau's　death　not　a　trace　of　coquetry；　not　even　a　woman's
  ordinary　care　of　her　person；　was　left　in　the　young　widow　of　thirty…
  five。　Parted　from　the　only　man　she　had　ever　known；　esteemed；　and
  loved；　from　one　who　had　never　caused　her　the　slightest　unhappiness；
  she　was　no　longer　conscious　of　her　womanhood；　all　things　were　as
  nothing　to　her；　she　no　longer　even　thought　of　her　dress。　Nothing　was
  ever　more　simply　done　or　more　complete　than　this　laying　down　of
  conjugal　happiness　and　personal　charm。　Some　human　beings　obtain
  through　love　the　power　of　transferring　their　selftheir　Ito　the
  being　of　another；　and　when　death　takes　that　other；　no　life　of　their
  own　is　possible　for　them。
  Agathe；　who　now　lived　only　for　her　children；　was　infinitely　sad　at　the
  thought　of　the　privations　this　financial　ruin　would　bring　upon　them。
  From　the　time　of　her　removal　to　the　rue　Mazarin　a　shade　of　melancholy
  came　upon　her　face；　which　made　it　very　touching。　She　hoped　a　little　in
  the　Emperor；　but　the　Emperor　at　that　time　could　do　no　more　than　he　was
  already　doing；　he　was　giving　three　hundred　francs　a　year　to　each　child
  from　his　privy　purse；　besides　the　scholarships。
  As　for　the　brilliant　Descoings；　she　occupied　an　appartement　on　the
  second　floor　similar　to　that　of　her　niece　above　her。　She　had　made
  Madame　Bridau　an　assignment　of　three　thousand　francs　out　of　her
  annuity。　Roguin；　the　notary；　attended　to　this　in　Madame　Bridau's
  interest；　but　it　would　take　seven　years　of　such　slow　repayment　to　make
  good　the　loss。　The　Descoings；　thus　reduced　to　an　income　of　twelve
  hundred　francs；　lived　with　her　niece　in　a　small　way。　These　excellent
  but　timid　creatures　employed　a　woman…of…all…work　for　the　morning　hours
  only。　Madame　Descoings；　who　liked　to　cook；　prepared　the　dinner。　In　the
  evenings　a　few　old　friends；　persons　employed　at　the　ministry　who　owed
  their　places　to　Bridau；　came　for　a　game　of　cards　with　the　two　widows。
  Madame　Descoings　still　cherished　her　trey；　which　she　declared　was
  obstinate　about　turning　up。　She　expected；　by　one　grand　stroke；　to
  repay　the　enforced　loan　she　had　made　upon　her　niece。　She　was　fonder　of
  the　little　Bridaus　than　she　was　of　her　grandson　Bixiou；partly　from　a
  sense　of　the　wrong　she　had　done　them；　partly　because　she　felt　the
  kindness　of　her　niece；　who；　under　her　worst　deprivations；　never
  uttered　a　word　of　reproach。　So　Philippe　and　Joseph　were　cossetted；　and
  the　old　gambler　in　the　Imperial　Lottery　of　France　（like　others　who
  have　a　vice　or　a　weakness　to　atone　for）　cooked　them　nice　little
  dinners　with　plenty　of　sweets。　Later　on；　Philippe　and　Joseph　could
  extract　from　her　pocket；　with　the　utmost　facility；　small　sums　of
  money；　which　the　younger　used　for　pencils；　paper；　charcoal　and　prints；
  the　elder　to　buy　tennis…shoes；　marbles；　twine；　and　pocket…knives。
  Madame　Descoings's　passion　forced　her　to　be　content　with　fifty　francs
  a　month　for　her　domestic　expenses；　so　as　to　gamble　with　the　rest。
  On　the　other　hand；　Madame　Bridau；　motherly　love；　kept　her　expenses
  down　to　the　same　sum。　By　way　of　penance　for　her　former　over…
  confidence；　she　heroically　cut　off　her　own　little　enjoyments。　As　with
  other　timid　souls　of　limited　intelligence；　one　shock　to　her　feelings
  rousing　her　distrust　led　her　to　exaggerate　a　defect　in　her　character
  until　it　assumed　the　consistency　of　a　virtue。　The　Emperor；　she　said　to
  herself；　might　forget　them；　he　might　die　in　battle；　her　pension；　at
  any　rate；　ceased　with　her　life。　She　shuddered　at　the　risk　her　children
  ran　of　being　left　alone　in　the　world　without　means。　Quite　incapable　of
  understanding　Roguin　when　he　explained　to　her　that　in　seven　years
  Madame　Descoings's　assignment　would　replace　the　money　she　had　sold　out
  of　the　Funds；　she　persisted　in　trusting　neither　the　notary　nor　her
  aunt；　nor　even　the　government；　she　believed　in　nothing　but　herself　and
  the　privations　she　was　practising。　By　laying　aside　three　thousand
  francs　every　year　from　her　pension；　she　would　have　thirty　thousand
  francs　at　the　end　of　ten　years；　which　would　give　fifteen　hundred　a
  year　to　her　children。　At　thirty…six；　she　might　expect　to　live　twenty
  years　longer；　and　if　she　kept　to　the　same　system　of　economy　she　might
  leave　to　each　child　enough　for　the　bare　necessaries　of　life。
  Thus　the　two　widows　passed　from　hollow　opulence　to　voluntary　poverty；
  one　under　the　pressure　of　a　vice；　the　other　through　the　promptings
  of　the　purest　virtue。　None　of　these　petty　details　are　useless　in
  teaching　the　lesson　which　ought　to　be　learned　from　this　present
  history；　drawn　as　it　is　from　the　most　commonplace　interests　of　life；
  but　whose　bearings　are；　it　may　be；　only　the　more　widespread。　The　view
  from　the　windows　into　the　student　dens；　the　tumult　of　the　rapins
  below；　the　necessity　of　looking　up　at　the　sky　to　escape　the　miserable
  sights　of　the　damp　angle　of　the　street；　the　presence　of　that　portrait；
  full　of　soul　and　grandeur　despite　the　workmanship　of　an　amateur
  painter；　the　sight　of　the　rich　colors；　now　old　and　harmonious；　in　that
  calm　and　placid　home；　the　preference　of　the　mother　for　her　eldest
  child；　her　opposition　to　the　tastes　of　the　younger；　in　short；　the
  whole　body　of　facts　and　circumstances　which　make　the　preamble　of　this
  history　are　perhaps　the　generating　causes　to　which　we　owe　Joseph
  Bridau；　one　of　the　greatest　painters　of　the　modern　French　school　of
  art。
  Philippe；　the　elder　of　the　two　sons；　was　strikingly　like　his　mother。
  Though　a　blond　lad；　with　blue　eyes；　he　had　the　daring　look　which　is
  readily　taken　for　intrepidity　and　courage。　Old　Claparon；　who　entered
  the　ministry　of　the　interior　at　the　same　time　as　Bridau；　and　was　one
  of　the　faithful　friends　who　played　whist　every　night　with　the　two
  widows；　used　to　say　of　Philippe　two　or　three　times　a　month；　giving　him
  a　tap　on　the　cheek；　〃Here's　a　young　rascal　who'll　stand　to　his　guns！〃
  The　boy；　thus　stimulated；　naturally　and　out　of　bravado；　assumed　a
  resolute　manner。　That　turn　once　given　to　his　character；　he　became　very
  adroit　at　all　bodily　exercises；　his　fights　at　the　Lyceum　taught　him
  the　endurance　and　contempt　for　pain　which　lays　the　foundation　of
  military　valor。　He　also　acquired；　very　naturally；　a　distaste　for
  study；　public　education　being　unable　to　solve　the　difficult　problem　of
  developing　〃pari　passu〃　the　body　and　the　mind。
  Agathe　believed　that　the　purely　physical　resemblance　which　Philippe
  bore　to　her　carried　with　it　a　moral　likeness；　and　she　confidently
  expected　him　to　show　at　a　future　day　her　own　delicacy　of　feeling；
  heightened　by　the　vigor　of　manhood。　Philippe　was　fifteen　years　old
  when　his　mother　moved　into　the　melancholy　appartement　in　the　rue
  Mazarin；　and　the　winning　ways　of　a　lad　of　that　age　went　far　to　confirm
  the　maternal　beliefs。　Joseph；　three　years　younger；　was　like　his
  father；　but　only　on　the　defective　side。　In　the　first　place；　his　thick
  black　hair　was　always　in　disorder；　no　matter　what　pains　were　taken
  with　it；　while　Philippe's；　notwithstanding　his　vivacity；　was
  invariably　neat。　Then；　by　some　mysterious　fatality；　Joseph　could　not
  keep　his　clothes　clean；　dress　him　in　new　clothes；　and　he　immediately
  made　them　look　like　old　ones。　The　elder；　on　the　other　hand；　took　care
  of　his　things　out　of　mere　vanity。　Unconsciously；　the　mother　acquired　a
  habit　of　scolding　Joseph　and　holding　up　his　brother　as　an　example　to
  him。　Agathe　did　not　treat　the　two　children　alike；　when　she　went　to
  fetch　them　from　school；　the　thought　in　her　mind　as　to　Joseph　always
  was；　〃What　sort　of　state　shall　I　find　him　in？〃　These　trifles　drove　her
  heart　into　the　gulf　of　maternal　pref