It　must　be　confessed　that　they　differ　widely　in　the　degree　of
  advantage　which　they　make　by　their　deceit；　for；　whereas　the
  beggar　is　contented　with　a　little；　the　politician　leaves　but　a
  little　behind。
  〃A　very　great　English　philosopher　hath　remarked　our　policy；　in
  taking　care　never　to　address　any　one　with　a　title　inferior　to
  what　he　really　claims。　　My　father　was　of　the　same　opinion；　for　I
  remember　when　I　was　a　boy；　the　pope　happening　to　pass　by；　I
  tended　him　with　'Pray；　sir；'　'For　God's　sake；　sir；'　　'For　the
  Lord's　sake；　sir；'To　which　he　answered　gravely；　'Sirrah；
  sirrah；　you　ought　to　be　whipped　for　taking　the　Lord's　name　in
  vain；'　and　in　vain　it　was　indeed；　for　he　gave　me　nothing。　　My
  father；　overhearing　this；　took　his　advice；　and　whipped　me　very
  severely。　　While　I　was　under　correction　I　promised　often　never　to
  take　the　Lord's　name　in　vain　any　more。　　My　father　then　said；
  'Child；　I　do　not　whip　you　for　taking　his　name　in　vain；　I　whip　you
  for　not　calling　the　pope　his　holiness。'
  〃If　all　men　were　so　wise　and　good　to　follow　the　clergy's　example；
  the　nuisance　of　beggars　would　soon　be　removed。　　I　do　not　remember
  to　have　been　above　twice　relieved　by　them　during　my　whole　state
  of　beggary。　　Once　was　by　a　very　well…looking　man；　who　gave　me　a
  small　piece　of　silver；　and　declared　he　had　given　me　more　than　he
  had　left　himself；　the　other　was　by　a　spruce　young　fellow；　who　had
  that　very　day　first　put　on　his　robes；　whom　I　attended　with　'Pray；
  reverend　sir；　good　reverend　sir；　consider　your　cloth。'　　He
  answered；　'I　do；　child；　consider　my　office；　and　I　hope　all　our
  cloth　do　the　same。'　　He　then　threw　down　some　money；　and　strutted
  off　with　great　dignity。
  〃With　the　women　I　had　one　general　formulary：　　'Sweet　pretty
  lady；'　'God　bless　your　ladyship；'　'God　bless　your　handsome　face。'
  This　generally　succeeded；　but　I　observed　the　uglier　the　woman
  was；　the　surer　I　was　of　success。
  〃It　was　a　constant　maxim　among　us；　that　the　greater　retinue　any
  one　traveled　with　the　less　expectation　we　might　promise　ourselves
  from　them；　but　whenever　we　saw　a　vehicle　with　a　single　or　no
  servant　we　imagined　our　booty　sure；　and　were　seldom　deceived。
  〃We　observed　great　difference　introduced　by　time　and　circumstance
  in　the　same　person；　for　instance；　a　losing　gamester　is　sometimes
  generous；　but　from　a　winner　you　will　as　easily　obtain　his　soul　as
  a　single　groat。　　A　lawyer　traveling　from　his　country　seat　to　his
  clients　at　Rome；　and　a　physician　going　to　visit　a　patient；　were
  always　worth　asking；　but　the　same　on　their　return　were　（according
  to　our　cant　phrase）　untouchable。
  〃The　most　general；　and　indeed　the　truest；　maxim　among　us　was；
  that　those　who　possessed　the　least　were　always　the　readiest　to
  give。　　The　chief　art　of　a　beggar…man　is；　therefore；　to　discern
  the　rich　from　the　poor；　which；　though　it　be　only　distinguishing
  substance　from　shadow；　is　by　no　means　attainable　without　a　pretty
  good　capacity　and　a　vast　degree　of　attention；　for　these　two　are
  eternally　industrious　in　endeavoring　to　counterfeit　each　other。
  In　this　deceit　the　poor　man　is　more　heartily　in　earnest　to
  deceive　you　than　the　rich；　who；　amidst　all　the　emblems　of　poverty
  which　he　puts　on；　still　permits　some　mark　of　his　wealth　to　strike
  the　eye。　　Thus；　while　his　apparel　is　not　worth　a　groat；　his
  finger　wears　a　ring　of　value；　or　his　pocket　a　gold　watch。　　In　a
  word；　he　seems　rather　to　affect　poverty　to　insult　than　impose　on
  you。　　Now　the　poor　man；　on　the　contrary；　is　very　sincere　in　his
  desire　of　passing　for　rich；　but　the　eagerness　of　this　desire
  hurries　him　to　over…act　his　part；　and　he　betrays　himself　as　one
  who　is　drunk　by　his　overacted　sobriety。　　Thus；　instead　of　being
  attended　by　one　servant　well　mounted；　he　will　have　two；　and；　not
  being　able　to　purchase　or　maintain　a　second　horse　of　value；　one
  of　his　servants　at　least　is　mounted　on　a　hired　rascallion。　　He　is
  not　contented　to　go　plain　and　neat　in　his　clothes；　he　therefore
  claps　on　some　tawdry　ornament；　and　what　he　adds　to　the　fineness
  of　his　vestment　he　detracts　from　the　fineness　of　his　linen。
  Without　descending　into　more　minute　particulars；　I　believe　I　may
  assert　it　as　an　axiom　of　indubitable　truth；　that　whoever　shows
  you　he　is　either　in　himself　or　his　equipage　as　gaudy　as　he　can；
  convinces　you　he　is　more　so　than　he　can　afford。　　Now；　whenever　a
  man's　expense　exceeds　his　income；　he　is　indifferent　in　the
  degree；　we　had　therefore　nothing　more　to　do　with　such　than　to
  flatter　them　with　their　wealth　and　splendor；　and　were　always
  certain　of　success。
  〃There　is；　indeed；　one　kind　of　rich　man　who　is　commonly　more
  liberal；　namely；　where　riches　surprise　him；　as　it　were；　in　the
  midst　of　poverty　and　distress；　the　consequence　of　which　is；　I
  own；　sometimes　excessive　avarice；　but　oftener　extreme
  prodigality。　　I　remember　one　of　these　who；　having　received　a
  pretty　large　sum　of　money；　gave　me；　when　I　begged　an　obolus；　a
  whole　talent；　on　which　his　friend　having　reproved　him；　he
  answered；　with　an　oath；　'Why　not？　　Have　I　not　fifty　left？'
  〃The　life　of　a　beggar；　if　men　estimated　things　by　their　real
  essence；　and　not　by　their　outward　false　appearance；　would　be；
  perhaps；　a　more　desirable　situation　than　any　of　those　which
  ambition　persuades　us；　with　such　difficulty；　danger；　and　often
  villainy；　to　aspire　to。　　The　wants　of　a　beggar　are　commonly　as
  chimerical　as　the　abundance　of　a　nobleman；　for　besides　vanity；
  which　a　judicious　beggar　will　always　apply　to　with　wonderful
  efficacy；　there　are　in　reality　very　few　natures　so　hardened　as
  not　to　compassionate　poverty　and　distress；　when　the　predominancy
  of　some　other　passion　doth　not　prevent　them。
  〃There　is　one　happiness　which　attends　money　got　with　ease；
  namely；　that　it　is　never　hoarded；　otherwise；　as　we　have　frequent
  opportunities　of　growing　rich；　that　canker　care　might　prey　upon
  our　quiet；　as　it　doth　on　others；　but　our　money　stock　we　spend　as
  fast　as　we　acquire　it；　usually　at　least；　for　I　speak　not　without
  exception；　thus　it　gives　us　mirth　only；　and　no　trouble。　　Indeed；
  the　luxury　of　our　lives　might　introduce　diseases；　did　not　our
  daily　exercise　prevent　them。　　This　gives　us　an　appetite　and
  relish　for　our　dainties；　and　at　the　same　time　an　antidote　against
  the　evil　effects　which　sloth；　united　with　luxury；　induces　on　the
  habit　of　a　human　body。　　Our　women　we　enjoy　with　ecstasies　at
  least　equal　to　what　the　greatest　men　feel　in　their　embraces。　　I
  can；　I　am　assured；　say　of　myself；　that　no　mortal　could　reap　more
  perfect　happiness　from　the　tender　passion　than　my　fortune　had
  decreed　me。　　I　married　a　charming　young　woman　for　love；　she　was
  the　daughter　of　a　neighboring　beggar；　who；　with　an　improvidence
  too　often　seen；　spent　a　very　large　income　which　he　procured　by
  his　profession；　so　that　he　was　able　to　give　her　no　fortune　down；
  however；　at　his　death　he　left　her　a　very　well　accustomed
  begging…hut；　situated　on　the　side　of　a　steep　hill；　where
  travelers　could　not　immediately　escape　from　us；　and　a　garden
  adjoining；　being　the　twenty…eighth　part　of　an　acre；　well　planted。
  She　made　the　best　of　wives；　bore　me　nineteen　children；　and　never
  failed；　unless　on　her　lying…in；　which　generally　lasted　three
  days；　to　get　my　supper　ready　against　my　return　home　in　an
  evening；　this　being　my　favorite　meal；　and　at　which　I；　as　well　as
  my　whole　family；　greatly　enjoyed　ourselves；　the　principal　subject
  of　our　discourse　being　generally　the　boons　we　had　that　day
  obtained；　on　which　occasions；　laughing　at　the　folly　of　the　donors
  made　no　inconsiderable　part　of　the　entertainment；　for；　whatever
  might　be　their　motive　for　giving；　we　constantly　imputed　our
  success　to　our　having　flattered　their　vanity；　or　overreached
  their　understanding。
  〃But　perhaps　I　have　dwelt　too　long　on　this　character；　I　shall
  conclude；　therefore；　with　telling　you　that　after　a　life　of　102
  years'　continuance；　during　all　which　I　had　never　known　any
  sickness　or　infirmity　but　that　which　old　age　necessarily　induced；
  I　at　last；　without　the　least　pain；　went　out　like　the　snuff　of　a
  candle。
  〃Minos；　having　heard　my　history；　bid　me　compute；　if　I　could；　how
  many　lies　I　had　told　in　my　life。　　As　we　are　here；　by　a　certain
  fated　necessity；　obliged　to　confine　ourselves　to　truth；　I
  answered；　I　believed　about　50；000；000。　　He　then　replied；　with　a
  frown；　'Can　such　a　wretch　conceive　any　hopes　of　entering
  Elysium？'　　I　immediately　turned　about；　and；　upon　the　whole；　was
  rejoiced　at　his　not　calling　me　back。〃
  CHAPTER　XX
  Julian　performs　the　part　of　a　statesman。
  〃It　was　now　my　fortune　to　be　born　of　a　German　princess；　but　a
  man…midwife；　pulling　my　head　off　in　delivering　my　mother；　put　a
  speedy　end　to　my　princely　life。
  〃Spirits　who　end　their　lives　before　they　are　at　the　age　of　five
  years　are　immediately　ordered　into　other　bodies；　and　it　was　now
  my　fortune　to　perform　several　infancies　before　I　could　again
  entitle　myself　to　an　examination　of　Minos。
  〃At　length　I　was　destined　onc