himself　on　proclamations；　which　it　does　not　follow　that　any　one
  will　heed。　　He　can　summon　parliaments；　it　does　not　follow　they　will
  assemble。　　If　he　be　too　flagrantly　disobeyed；　he　can　go　to　war。
  But　so　he　could　before；　when　he　was　only　the　chief　of　certain
  provinces。　　His　own　provinces　will　support　him；　the　provinces　of
  his　rivals　will　take　the　field　upon　the　other　part；　just　as　before。
  In　so　far　as　he　is　the　holder　of　any　of　the　five　NAMES；　in　short；
  he　is　a　man　to　be　reckoned　with；　in　so　far　as　he　is　king　of　Samoa；
  I　cannot　find　but　what　the　president　of　a　college　debating　society
  is　a　far　more　formidable　officer。　　And　unfortunately；　although　the
  credit　side　of　the　account　proves　thus　imaginary；　the　debit　side　is
  actual　and　heavy。　　For　he　is　now　set　up　to　be　the　mark　of　consuls；
  he　will　be　badgered　to　raise　taxes；　to　make　roads；　to　punish　crime；
  to　quell　rebellion：　　and　how　he　is　to　do　it　is　not　asked。
  If　I　am　in　the　least　right　in　my　presentation　of　this　obscure
  matter；　no　one　need　be　surprised　to　hear　that　the　land　is　full　of
  war　and　rumours　of　war。　　Scarce　a　year　goes　by　but　what　some
  province　is　in　arms；　or　sits　sulky　and　menacing；　holding
  parliaments；　disregarding　the　king's　proclamations　and　planting
  food　in　the　bush；　the　first　step　of　military　preparation。　　The
  religious　sentiment　of　the　people　is　indeed　for　peace　at　any　price；
  no　pastor　can　bear　arms；　and　even　the　layman　who　does　so　is　denied
  the　sacraments。　　In　the　last　war　the　college　of　Malua；　where　the
  picked　youth　are　prepared　for　the　ministry；　lost　but　a　single
  student；　the　rest；　in　the　bosom　of　a　bleeding　country；　and　deaf　to
  the　voices　of　vanity　and　honour；　peacefully　pursued　their　studies。
  But　if　the　church　looks　askance　on　war；　the　warrior　in　no　extremity
  of　need　or　passion　forgets　his　consideration　for　the　church。　　The
  houses　and　gardens　of　her　ministers　stand　safe　in　the　midst　of
  armies；　a　way　is　reserved　for　themselves　along　the　beach；　where
  they　may　be　seen　in　their　white　kilts　and　jackets　openly　passing
  the　lines；　while　not　a　hundred　yards　behind　the　skirmishers　will　be
  exchanging　the　useless　volleys　of　barbaric　warfare。　　Women　are　also
  respected；　they　are　not　fired　upon；　and　they　are　suffered　to　pass
  between　the　hostile　camps；　exchanging　gossip；　spreading　rumour；　and
  divulging　to　either　army　the　secret　councils　of　the　other。　　This　is
  plainly　no　savage　war；　it　has　all　the　punctilio　of　the　barbarian；
  and　all　his　parade；　feasts　precede　battles；　fine　dresses　and　songs
  decorate　and　enliven　the　field；　and　the　young　soldier　comes　to　camp
  burning　（on　the　one　hand）　to　distinguish　himself　by　acts　of　valour；
  and　（on　the　other）　to　display　his　acquaintance　with　field
  etiquette。　　Thus　after　Mataafa　became　involved　in　hostilities
  against　the　Germans；　and　had　another　code　to　observe　beside　his
  own；　he　was　always　asking　his　white　advisers　if　〃things　were　done
  correctly。〃　　Let　us　try　to　be　as　wise　as　Mataafa；　and　to　conceive
  that　etiquette　and　morals　differ　in　one　country　and　another。　　We
  shall　be　the　less　surprised　to　find　Samoan　war　defaced　with　some
  unpalatable　customs。　　The　childish　destruction　of　fruit…trees　in　an
  enemy's　country　cripples　the　resources　of　Samoa；　and　the　habit　of
  head…hunting　not　only　revolts　foreigners；　but　has　begun　to　exercise
  the　minds　of　the　natives　themselves。　　Soon　after　the　German　heads
  were　taken；　Mr。　Carne；　Wesleyan　missionary；　had　occasion　to　visit
  Mataafa's　camp；　and　spoke　of　the　practice　with　abhorrence。　　〃Misi
  Kane；〃　said　one　chief；　〃we　have　just　been　puzzling　ourselves　to
  guess　where　that　custom　came　from。　　But；　Misi；　is　it　not　so　that
  when　David　killed　Goliath；　he　cut　off　his　head　and　carried　it
  before　the　king？〃
  With　the　civil　life　of　the　inhabitants　we　have　far　less　to　do；　and
  yet　even　here　a　word　of　preparation　is　inevitable。　　They　are　easy；
  merry；　and　pleasure…loving；　the　gayest；　though　by　far　from　either
  the　most　capable　or　the　most　beautiful　of　Polynesians。　　Fine　dress
  is　a　passion；　and　makes　a　Samoan　festival　a　thing　of　beauty。　　Song
  is　almost　ceaseless。　　The　boatman　sings　at　the　oar；　the　family　at
  evening　worship；　the　girls　at　night　in　the　guest…house；　sometimes
  the　workman　at　his　toil。　　No　occasion　is　too　small　for　the　poets
  and　musicians；　a　death；　a　visit；　the　day's　news；　the　day's
  pleasantry；　will　be　set　to　rhyme　and　harmony。　　Even　half…grown
  girls；　the　occasion　arising；　fashion　words　and　train　choruses　of
  children　for　its　celebration。　　Song；　as　with　all　Pacific　islanders；
  goes　hand　in　hand　with　the　dance；　and　both　shade　into　the　drama。
  Some　of　the　performances　are　indecent　and　ugly；　some　only　dull；
  others　are　pretty；　funny；　and　attractive。　　Games　are　popular。
  Cricket…matches；　where　a　hundred　played　upon　a　side；　endured　at
  times　for　weeks；　and　ate　up　the　country　like　the　presence　of　an
  army。　　Fishing；　the　daily　bath；　flirtation；　courtship；　which　is
  gone　upon　by　proxy；　conversation；　which　is　largely　political；　and
  the　delights　of　public　oratory；　fill　in　the　long　hours。
  But　the　special　delight　of　the　Samoan　is　the　MALANGA。　　When　people
  form　a　party　and　go　from　village　to　village；　junketing　and
  gossiping；　they　are　said　to　go　on　a　MALANGA。　　Their　songs　have
  announced　their　approach　ere　they　arrive；　the　guest…house　is
  prepared　for　their　reception；　the　virgins　of　the　village　attend　to
  prepare　the　kava　bowl　and　entertain　them　with　the　dance；　time　flies
  in　the　enjoyment　of　every　pleasure　which　an　islander　conceives；　and
  when　the　MALANGA　sets　forth；　the　same　welcome　and　the　same　joys
  expect　them　beyond　the　next　cape；　where　the　nearest　village　nestles
  in　its　grove　of　palms。　　To　the　visitors　it　is　all　golden；　for　the
  hosts；　it　has　another　side。　　In　one　or　two　words　of　the　language
  the　fact　peeps　slyly　out。　　The　same　word　（AFEMOEINA）　expresses　〃a
  long　call〃　and　〃to　come　as　a　calamity〃；　the　same　word　（LESOLOSOLOU）
  signifies　〃to　have　no　intermission　of　pain〃　and　〃to　have　no
  cessation；　as　in　the　arrival　of　visitors〃；　and　SOUA；　used　of
  epidemics；　bears　the　sense　of　being　overcome　as　with　〃fire；　flood；
  or　visitors。〃　　But　the　gem　of　the　dictionary　is　the　verb　ALOVAO；
  which　illustrates　its　pages　like　a　humorous　woodcut。　　It　is　used　in
  the　sense　of　〃to　avoid　visitors；〃　but　it　means　literally　〃hide　in
  the　wood。〃　　So；　by　the　sure　hand　of　popular　speech；　we　have　the
  picture　of　the　house　deserted；　the　MALANGA　disappointed；　and　the
  host　that　should　have　been　quaking　in　the　bush。
  We　are　thus　brought　to　the　beginning　of　a　series　of　traits　of
  manners；　highly　curious　in　themselves；　and　essential　to　an
  understanding　of　the　war。　　In　Samoa　authority　sits　on　the　one　hand
  entranced；　on　the　other；　property　stands　bound　in　the　midst　of
  chartered　marauders。　　What　property　exists　is　vested　in　the　family；
  not　in　the　individual；　and　of　the　loose　communism　in　which　a　family
  dwells；　the　dictionary　may　yet　again　help　us　to　some　idea。　　I　find
  a　string　of　verbs　with　the　following　senses：　　to　deal　leniently
  with；　as　in　helping　oneself　from　a　family　plantation；　to　give　away
  without　consulting　other　members　of　the　family；　to　go　to　strangers
  for　help　instead　of　to　relatives；　to　take　from　relatives　without
  permission；　to　steal　from　relatives；　to　have　plantations　robbed　by
  relatives。　　The　ideal　of　conduct　in　the　family；　and　some　of　its
  depravations；　appear　here　very　plainly。　　The　man　who　（in　a　native
  word　of　praise）　is　MATA…AINGA；　a　race…regarder；　has　his　hand　always
  open　to　his　kindred；　the　man　who　is　not　（in　a　native　term　of
  contempt）　NOA；　knows　always　where　to　turn　in　any　pinch　of　want　or
  extremity　of　laziness。　　Beggary　within　the　family　…　and　by　the　less
  self…respecting；　without　it　…　has　thus　grown　into　a　custom　and　a
  scourge；　and　the　dictionary　teems　with　evidence　of　its　abuse。
  Special　words　signify　the　begging　of　food；　of　uncooked　food；　of
  fish；　of　pigs；　of　pigs　for　travellers；　of　pigs　for　stock；　of　taro；
  of　taro…tops；　of　taro…tops　for　planting；　of　tools；　of　flyhooks；　of
  implements　for　netting　pigeons；　and　of　mats。　　It　is　true　the　beggar
  was　supposed　in　time　to　make　a　return；　somewhat　as　by　the　Roman
  contract　of　MUTUUM。　　But　the　obligation　was　only　moral；　it　could
  not　be；　or　was　not；　enforced；　as　a　matter　of　fact；　it　was
  disregarded。　　The　language　had　recently　to　borrow　from　the
  Tahitians　a　word　for　debt；　while　by　a　significant　excidence；　it
  possessed　a　native　expression　for　the　failure　to　pay　…　〃to　omit　to
  make　a　return　for　property　begged。〃　　Conceive　now　the　position　of
  the　householder　besieged　by　harpies；　and　all　defence　denied　him　by
  the　laws　of　honour。　　The　sacramental　gesture　of　refusal；　his　last
  and　single　resource；　was　supposed　to　signify　〃my　house　is
  destitute。〃　　Until　that　point　was　reached；　in　other　words；　the
  conduct　prescribed　for　a　Samoan　was　to　give　and　to　continue　giving。
  But　it　does　not　appear　he　was　at　all　ex